Table 2.
Comparison of baseline characteristics and clinical presentation between patients alive and dead during hospitalization.
| Alive (n = 549) |
Dead (n = 74) |
p-Value | Standardized Differences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | 230 (41.9) | 37 (50.0) | 0.486 | 0.16319 |
| Age, years | 62.0 ± 16.6 | 81.2 ± 8.6 | <0.001 | −1.45609 |
| Diabetes | 90 (16.4) | 28 (37.8) | <0.001 | 0.49705 |
| Hypertension | 234 (42.6) | 56 (75.7) | <0.001 | 0.71397 |
| Dyslipidemia | 175 (31.9) | 37 (50.0) | 0.002 | 0.37500 |
| CV Risk factors | 345 (62.8) | 70 (94.6) | <0.001 | 0.95029 |
| Obesity | 96 (21.8) | 16 (26.7) | 0.40 | 0.11332 |
| Ischemic chronic disease | 31 (5.6) | 20 (27.0) | <0.001 | 0.60412 |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 35 (6.4) | 17 (23.0) | <0.001 | 0.48252 |
| Heart failure | 18 (3.3) | 15 (20.3) | <0.001 | 0.54652 |
| Moderate to severe valve heart disease | 14 (2.6) | 9 (12.2) | <0.001 | 0.37460 |
| COPD | 38 (6.9) | 14 (18.9) | <0.001 | 0.36353 |
| Cancer | 61 (11.1) | 17 (23.0) | 0.004 | 0.31947 |
| CKD | 33 (6.0) | 24 (32.4) | <0.001 | 0.71171 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 17 (3.1) | 10 (13.5) | <0.001 | 0.38439 |
| Stroke | 26 (4.7) | 9 (12.2) | 0.009 | 0.26943 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 128.2 ± 18.6 | 130.8 ± 25.4 | 0.400 | −0.11696 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77.4 ± 13.2 | 72.8 ± 16.1 | 0.022 | 0.31195 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 91.2 ± 17.9 | 88.5 ± 21.3 | 0.24 | 0.13723 |
| Respiratory rate, rpm | 24.1 ± 6.9 | 28.7 ± 7.1 | <0.001 | −0.66193 |
| Oxygen saturation, % | 95.2 ± 4.3 | 93.2 ± 5.9 | 0.006 | 0.38792 |
| Baseline FiO2, % | 25.1 ± 15.0 | 37.6 ± 26.7 | <0.001 | −0.57585 |
| PaO2/FiO2 < 300, n (%) | 165 (40.4) | 45 (71.4) | <0.001 | 0.65697 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.6 ± 1.6 | 12.6 ± 2.1 | 0.006 | 0.57111 |
| White blood cell count, per µL | 6.86 ± 3.05 | 9.99 ± 6.26 | <0.001 | −0.63711 |
| Lymphocytes, per µL | 1.46 ± 2.33 | 1.24 ± 1.55 | 0.43 | 0.11148 |
| Platelet count | 210.8 ± 77.9 | 207.5 ± 107.3 | 0.80 | 0.03488 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.99 ± 0.49 | 1.72 ± 1.46 | <0.001 | −0.66936 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 84.0 ± 28.5 | 55.5 ± 31.9 | <0.001 | 0.94242 |
| Creatine phosphokinase, U/L | 91 (57–167) | 125 (49–290) | 0.28 | −0.33445 |
| Serum lactate, mmoL/L | 1.42 ± 0.66 | 1.79 ± 0.95 | 0.007 | −0.45164 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 8.89 ± 7.78 | 16.41 ± 12.35 | <0.001 | −0.72780 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.11 (0.08–0.20) | 0.26 (0.13–0.81) | <0.001 | 0.03618 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 1.42 ± 0.66 | 1.79 ± 0.95 | <0.001 | −0.66081 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 640 (420–1060) | 1190 (780–3570) | <0.001 | −0.47772 |
| High sensitivity troponin T > 14 ng/L | 135 (29.7) | 49 (79.0) | <0.001 | 1.13899 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 144 (39–367) | 1530 (550–4730) | <0.001 | −0.67258 |
| Baseline QTc duration, milliseconds | 434.0 ± 27.8 | 464.3 ± 51.9 | <0.001 | −0.72743 |
| QTc ≥ 480 ms | 36 (6.6) | 25 (33.8) | <0.001 | 0.72127 |
| Abnormal chest radiography | 481 (88.3) | 68 (94.4) | 0.115 | 0.22147 |
Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median and (interquartile range) or number and (percentage). COPD: chronic obstruction pulmonary disease, CKD: chronic kidney disease, CRP: C-reactive protein. CV: Cardiovascular. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.