Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients included in the study, both overall and according to gender.
| n | Overall n = 1028 |
Women n = 309 (30%) |
Men n = 719 (70%) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1015 | 71 ± 11 | 73 ± 10 | 70 ± 11 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 997 | 27.7 ± 3,9 | 28.2 ± 4,4 | 27.5 ± 3.6 | 0.010 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 1022 | 127 ± 19 | 129 ± 20 | 126 ± 18 | 0.092 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 1021 | 74 ± 16 | 76 ± 16 | 73 ± 15 | 0.017 |
| NYHA Functional class I-II vs. III-IV | 994 | 546 (54.9)/448 (45.1) | 158 (53.4)/138 (54.6) | 388(55.6)/310 (44.4) | 0.531 |
| Previous HF admission, | 1028 | 860 (83.7) | 262 (84.8) | 598 (83.2) | 0.581 |
| HF admission <6 months, | 1028 | 507 (49.3) | 148 (47.9) | 359 (49.9) | 0.586 |
| Time from diagnosis (years) | 936 | 2.7 (0.9–5.9) | 2.8 (0.9–6.3) | 2.7 (0.9–5.7) | 0.690 |
| LVEF (%) | 993 | 33.7 ± 6.8 | 34.4 ± 6.7 | 33.4 ± 6.8 | 0.027 |
| Ischemic etiology of HF | 1028 | 521 (50.7) | 100 (32.4) | 421 (58.6) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 1028 | 815 (79.3) | 240 (77.7) | 575 (80.0) | 0.403 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1028 | 450 (43.8) | 141 (45.6) | 309 (43.0) | 0.451 |
| Previous AMI | 1028 | 447 (43.5) | 91 (29.4) | 356 (49.5) | <0.0001 |
| Dislipidemia | 1028 | 704 (68.5) | 196 (63.4) | 508 (70.7) | 0.023 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1028 | 242 (23.5) | 63 (20.4) | 179 (24.9) | 0.128 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 1028 | 443 (45.5) | 150 (51.5) | 293 (43.0) | 0.017 |
| Anemia | 1028 | 194 (18.9) | 80 (25.9) | 114 (15.9) | 0.0003 |
| COPD | 1028 | 199 (19.4) | 28 (9.1) | 171 (23.8) | <0.0001 |
| TIA/Stroke | 1028 | 142 (13.8) | 47 (15.2) | 95 (13.2) | 0.430 |
| Anemia | 1028 | 204 (19.8) | 44 (14.2) | 160 (22.3) | 0.003 |
| Cancer | 1028 | 81 (7.9) | 30 (9.7) | 51 (7.1) | 0.165 |
| Chronic Hepatopathy | 1028 | 43 (4.2) | 7 (2.3) | 36 (5.0) | 0.060 |
| Obesity | 1028 | 239 (23.2) | 98 (31.7) | 141 (19.6) | <0.0001 |
| Low weight | 1028 | 13 (1.3) | 6 (1.9) | 7 (1.0) | 0.227 |
| Overweight | 1028 | 801 (77.9) | 239 (77.3) | 562 (78.2) | 0.806 |
| Sleep Apnea | 1028 | 94 (9.1) | 13 (4.2) | 81 (11.3) | 0.0002 |
| Comorbidities (n) | 1028 | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 0.0002 |
| Charlson index (points) | 527 | 4.4 ± 2.8 | 3.98 ± 2.4 | 4.6 ± 3.0 | 0.009 |
| Medications | |||||
| ACEIs or ARBs | 1028 | 922 (89.7) | 274 (88.7) | 648 (90.1) | 0.503 |
| Beta-blockers | 1028 | 787 (76.6) | 224 (72.5) | 563 (78.3) | 0.045 |
| MRAs | 1028 | 684 (66.5) | 202 (65.4) | 482 (67.0) | 0.614 |
| Ivabradine | 1028 | 91 (8.9) | 21 (6.8) | 70 (9.7) | 0.151 |
| Digoxin | 1028 | 221 (21.5) | 82 (26.5) | 139 (19.3) | 0.013 |
| Diuretics | 1028 | 917 (89.2) | 281 (90.9) | 636 (88.5) | 0.273 |
| Statins | 1028 | 779 (75.8) | 214 (69.3) | 565 (78.6) | 0.002 |
| Antiplatelets | 1028 | 618 (60.1) | 154 (49.8) | 464 (64.5) | <0.0001 |
| Anticoagulants | 1028 | 410 (39.9) | 143 (46.3) | 267 (37.1) | 0.007 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 971 | 12.9 ± 1.7 | 12.4 ± 1.4 | 13.1 ± 1.7 | <0.0001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 573 | 60.0 (45.0–70.0) | 60.0 (45.0–70.5) | 60.0 (45.0–70.0) | 0.542 |
| Creatinine clearance <60 mL/min | 573 | 259 (45.2) | 85 (48.9) | 174 (43.6) | 0.274 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 238 | 1345 (504–2390) | 1348 (422–2333) | 1333 (537–2411) | 0.600 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 154 | 216 (124–430) | 211 (125–397) | 232 (124–453) | 0.258 |
Categorical variables are expressed as n and (%). Continuous variables are expressed using mean and standard deviation. Those continuous variables for which a normal distribution could not be assumed were expressed using median (Q1–Q3). ACEI: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, AMI: acute myocardial infarction, ARB: Angiotensin receptor blockers, BMI: body mass index, BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate, HF: heart failure, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, NTproBNP: N-terminal fraction of natriuretic propeptide type B, NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class, TIA: transient ischemic attack.