Table 2.

Cytokinin applications for in vitro propagation protocols of horticultural fruit crops.

Species	Cultivar/Accession	Explant	Factor(s) Investigated	Major Outcome(s)	Reference
Hardy kiwifruit Actinidia arguta Planch.	Lv Wang, Kui Lv	Anthers	Effect of different IAA, 2,4-D, BA, and KIN concentrations on callus induction	Callus induction was best achieved with 2,4-D and BA	[84]
Saskatoon berry Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.	Northline	Shoot-tips	Effect of BA (0, 8.88, 13.3, 17.7, and 22.2 µM) on shoot proliferation	22.2 µM BA yielded a maximum number of shoots (12)	[85]
Saskatoon berry Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.	Pembina	Shoot-tips	Effect of BA (0, 8.88, 13.3, 17.7, and 22.2 µM) on shoot proliferation	The highest number of shoots (13) were produced with 17.7 µM BA treatment	[85]
Saskatoon berry Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.	Smoky	Shoot-tips	Effect of BA (0, 8.88, 13.3, 17.7, and 22.2 µM) on shoot proliferation	Maximum shoots (15) produced in 22.2 µM BA treatment	[85]
Saskatoon berry Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.	Thiessen	Shoot-tips	Effect of BA (0, 8.88, 13.3, 17.7, and 22.2 µM) on shoot proliferation	BA (22.2 µM) produced a high number of shoots (21)	[85]
Saskatoon berry Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.	Prince Williams	Shoot-tips	Effect of different CKs (iP, BA, mT, and mTTHP) on organogenesis	20 and 10 μM mT improved shoot proliferation and regenerant quality, respectively. 1 μM mTTHP treatment had the highest root proliferation (3 roots/explant)	[86]
Pineapple Ananas comosus (L.) Merr		Shoot-tips	Effect of BA (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/L) on shoot proliferation	Maximum shoots (9) were achieved with 1 mg/L BA during a culture interval of 8 weeks	[87]
Pineapple Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.	Pattawia	Shoot-tips	Effect of mT (0, 2.5, and 5 µM) on shoot proliferation	2.5 µM mT (shaking liquid culture) had the highest number of shoots (16 shoots)	[88]
Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.		Seedlings	Effect of BA (0, 3.0 mg/L) and TDZ (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/L) on shoot induction and proliferation	BA (3.0 mg/L) resulted in the high shoot induction, multiple shoot formation, and shoot size	[89]
Chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa	PI 613016	Cotyledons	Effect of NAA concentration in combination with 10 μM BA on shoot organogenesis	Combination of 1 μM NAA + 10 μM BA improved shoot number (3)	[90]
Chokeberry Aronia mitschurinii	Viking	Leaf	Effect of different concentrations of NAA, IBA, 2,4-D, BA, and TDZ on shoot regeneration	5 μM IBA + 10 μM TDZ had the highest number of shoots	[90]
Chokeberry Aronia mitschurinii ×Sorbaronia fallax		Cotyledons	Effect of NAA concentration in combination with 10 μM BA on shoot organogenesis	Maximum number of shoots (4) were produced from 5 μM NAA + 10 μM BA	[90]
Sour orange Citrus aurantium L.		Epicotyl segments	Effect of BA, iP, TDZ, KIN, and CPPU on shoot organogenesis	Shoot initiation (70%) and number of shoots (2) were achieved in 0.05 mg/L CPPU treatment	[91]
Orange Citrus reticulate x Citrus Poncirus trifoliate	‘Sunki’ x ‘Benecke’	Epicotyl segments	Effect of CKs (BA and mT) alone or in combination on shoot proliferation	BA (1 µM) produced 20 shoots	[92]
Kinnow mandarin Citrus reticulata L.		Immature fruits	Effect of 2,4-D, BA, and KIN on plantlet regeneration via somatic embryogenesis	1 mg/L BA induced somatic embryos, while 5 mg/L 2,4-D in combination with 1 mg/L BA enhanced maturation of somatic embryos	[93]
Citrus rootstocks Citrus volkameriana		Node	Effect of BA (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L) on shoot proliferation	1 mg/L BA had the highest number of shoots and leaf explants while 0.5 mg/L improved shoot length	[94]
Fig Ficus carica	Japanese BTM 6	Axillary shoot tips	Effect of BA and Z (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/L) on shoot multiplication	2 mg/L BA produced the highest number of shoots (1.67 ± 0.33) that were relatively long (0.51 ± 0.07 cm)	[95]
Strawberry Fragaria x ananassa	Calypso	Apical buds	Effect of PGRs (TDZ, BA, 2,4-D, and IBA) on shoot proliferation	0.5 mg/L TDZ in combination with 0.02 mg/L 2,4-D yielded 12 shoots	[96]
Strawberry Fragaria x ananassa	Sveva	Apical buds	Effect of PGRs (TDZ, BA, 2,4-D, and IBA) on shoot proliferation	Maximum shoots (10) were produced in 3 mg/L BA (with 0.2 mg/L IBA) treatment	[96]
Strawberry Fragaria x ananassa Duch.		Runner tips, shoots, leaves, nodal segments	Effect of different concentrations of BA on inducing somaclonal variants	High concentration (6 mg/L) of BA induced somaclonal variation	[97]
Strawberry Fragaria x ananassa Duch.	Santa	Runner tips	Effect of KIN (0, 0.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L) on shoot regeneration	Shoot induction was achieved at 0.5 mg/L concentration	[98]
Strawberry Fragaria x ananassa Duch.	Fanta	Runner tips	Effect of KIN (0, 0.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L) on shoot regeneration	Shoot induction was achieved at 0.5 mg/L concentration	[98]
Strawberry Fragaria x ananassa Duch.	Berrystar	Runner tips	Effect of KIN (0, 0.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L) on shoot regeneration	Shoot induction was achieved at 0.5 mg/L concentration	[98]
Strawberry Fragaria x ananassa Duch.	Honeybell	Runner tips	Effect of KIN (0, 0.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L) on shoot regeneration	Shoot induction was achieved at 0.5 mg/L concentration	[98]
Strawberry Fragaria x ananassa Duch.	Okhyang	Runner tips	Effect of KIN (0, 0.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L) on shoot regeneration	Shoot induction was achieved at 0.5 mg/L concentration	[98]
Litchi Litchi chinensis sonn.		Zygotic embryos	Effect of different BA concentrations (0.004, 0.02, 0.04, 0.2, and 0.4 μM) on germination and plantlet regeneration from encapsulated somatic embryos	Low BA concentration (0.004 μM) increased seed germination and plantlet development	[99]
Apple Malus domestica Borkh.	M.26	Young leaves	Effect of different CKs on shoot proliferation	18.20 µM BAR increased shoot number (3)	[100]
Apple Malus domestica Borkh.	Red Fuji	Leaves	Post-effects of PGR levels of proliferation media on rooting of in vitro shoots	95% rooting in shoots was achieved with mT (20.7 µM) and BA + KIN (4.4 + 7.0 µM) with IBA	[101]
Apple Malus domestica Borkh.	Royal Gala	Leaves	Effect of pre-conditioning with BA (0.5 mg/L) and mT (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/L) on the morphogenic activity of regenerants	mT (0.5 and 1.5 mg/L) significantly decreased hyperhydricity (down to 13.4%) and increased the number of shoots per leaf segment (up to 15.1)	[102]
Apple Malus domestica Borkh.	Royal Gala	Shoots	Effect of CKs on structural characteristics of leaves and their post-effects on subsequent shoot regeneration	Maximum shoots were produced in 2.1 µM mT treatment	[103]
Apple Malus domestica Borkh.	Royal Gala	Leaves	Effect of different CKs on shoot proliferation	2.27 µM TDZ resulted in the production of 11 shoots per explant	[100]
Apple Malus domestica Borkh.	Royal Gala	Leaves	Effect of TDZ (0.5 mg/L), BA (5 mg/L), BAR (5 mg/L), and mTR (6.5 mg/L) during regeneration on in vitro rooting	No rooted shoots were obtained after shoot induction with TDZ and mTR while 10% and 25% of shoots developed roots with BA and BAR, respectively	[104]
Apple Malus domestica Borkh.	Cacharela, Camoesa, Repinaldo, Tres en Cunca, Gravillán, Ollo Mouro, José Antonio, Príncipe Grande	Apical buds	Shoot multiplication of eight different apple cultivars using four CKs: BA, Z, iP, and TDZ at varying concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/L)	0.5 and 1.0 mg/L BA improved shoot multiplication in apple cultivars	[105]
Mulberry Morus alba L.	Variety S-1	Nodal explants	Effect of different concentrations of BA, KIN, and iP on shoot regeneration	Maximum shoot regeneration was achieved from 0.5 mg/L of BA	[106]
Banana Musa acuminata Colla	Grand Naine	Shoot apex	Effect of BA (0, 10, 20, and 30 μM) in combination with NAA (1.0 μM) on shoot proliferation	8.26 shoots per explant were generated from 20 μM BA, with 10 μM BA producing 6.18 shoots per explant and 30 μM BA having 7.94 shoots per explant	[107]
Banana Musa spp.	Bwara (AAA-EA)	Shoot-tips	Effect of different concentrations (16.8, 20.8, 24.8, and 28.8 µM) of BA, TDZ, Z, iP, and KIN on shoot proliferation	28.8 µM BA increased shoot number (8)	[108]
Banana Musa spp.	Grand Naine	Shoot-tips	Effect of CKs (mT, mTR, MemT, MemTR, and BA) on shoot proliferation and somaclonal variation	Highest shoot proliferation (20 shoots) was established with 15 µM mT and mTR. All the tested cytokinins did not prevent somaclonal variation	[109]
Banana Musa spp.	Kibuzi (AAA-EA)	Shoot-tips	Effect of different concentrations of BA, TDZ, Z, iP, and KIN on shoot proliferation	Highest number of shoots (6) occurred in 5.68 µM TDZ	[108]
Banana Musa spp.	Ndiziwemiti (ABB)	Shoot-tips	Effect of different concentrations (16.8, 20.8, 24.8, and 28.8 µM) of BA, TDZ, Z, iP, and KIN on shoot proliferation	Efficient shoot proliferation (9 shoots) was achieved with 6.81 µM TDZ	[108]
Banana Musa spp.	Williams	Shoot-tips	Effect of CKs (BA and topolins) on shoot proliferation	Maximum shoots (7) were produced with 30 µM mT	[110]
Banana Musa spp.	Williams	Shoot-tips	Effect of CKs (mT, mTR, MemT, MemTR, and BA) on shoot proliferation and somaclonal variation	Highest proliferation (20 shoots) was achieved with 30 µM mT and mTR. All the tested cytokinins did not prevent somaclonal variation	[109]
Banana Musa spp.	Zelig	Shoot-tip	Effect of CKs (BA and TDZ) on somaclonal variation	2.5 mg/L BA had the least level (40%) of somaclonal variants	[111]
Plantain Musa spp.	CEMSA 3⁄4	Shoot-tips	Effect of different concentrations (1.33, 2.22, 4.44, 13.3, and 22.2 µM) of BA and mT on shoot proliferation	mT (4.4 µM) produced the maximum number of shoots	[112]
Plantain Musa spp.	CEMSA 3⁄4	Shoot-tips	Effect of different concentrations (0, 1.3, 2.2, 4.4, 13.3, and 22.2 µM) of BA, mT, and TDZ on shoot proliferation	Shoot number (11) was highest with 4.4 µM mT treatment	[113]
Wild Amazonian passion fruit Passiflora cristalina		Seeds	Effect of different concentrations of BA, TDZ, and KIN on the induction of de novo organogenesis	BA improved shoot organogenesis	[114]
Passion fruit Passiflora edulis Sims	FB-300 Araguary	Seeds	Effect of different concentrations of BA, TDZ, and KIN on shoot organogenesis	TDZ was the only type of CK that induced shoot production	[115]
Avocado Persea americana Mill.	Hass (scion) and a Mexican seedling (IV-8) as rootstock	Nodal segments	Effects of three concentrations of BA on shoot proliferation	BA (1.3 µM) treatment produced longer shoots with more leaves	[116]
Citrus rootstocks Poncirus trifoliata	Flying Dragon	Node	Effect of BA (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L) on shoot proliferation	1 mg/L BA had the highest number of shoots, explant leaves and shoot length	[94]
Citrus rootstocks Poncirus trifoliata	Serra	Node	Effect of BA (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L) on shoot proliferation	2 mg/L BA produced maximum number of shoots, explant leaves and shoot length	[94]
Citrus rootstocks Poncirus trifoliata	Rubidoux	Node	Effect of BA (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L) on shoot proliferation	Low BA (0.5 mg/L) concentration yielded a number of shoots and leaf explants with the control treatment producing long shoots	[94]
Citrus rootstocks Poncirus trifoliate x Citrus paradisi	Citrumelo ‘Swingle’,	Node	Effect of BA (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L) on shoot proliferation	Highest number of shoots and leaf explants were produced with 1 mg/L BA whereas 4 mg/L BA increased shoot length	[94]
Citrus rootstocks Poncirus trifoliate x Citrus sinensis	Citrange ‘Carrizo’	Node	Effect of BA (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L) on shoot proliferation	2 mg/L BA produced the highest number of shoots and explant leaves while 1 mg/L BA improved shoot length	[94]
Pomegranate Punica granatum L.	Kandhari Kabuli	Mature leaves	Effect of BA (0.5–1.5 mg/L), KIN (0.10–0.50 mg/L) and NAA (0.25–0.50 mg/L) on callus induction and shoot regeneration	Maximum callus induction was obtained from a combination of 4 mg/L NAA and 2 KIN. 1.5 mg/L BA with 0.5 mg/L NAA and 0.25 mg/L KIN improved shoot induction, shoot number, and shoot length	[117]
Pear Pyrus communis	Barburiña, Manteca Oscura	Apical buds	Effect of BA, Z, iP, and TDZ at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/L on shoot proliferation	Shoot multiplication was highest at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L BA treatment in both cultivars	[105]
Pear Pyrus communis	Bartlett	Cotyledons	Effect of NAA concentration in combination with 10 μM BA on shoot organogenesis	NAA (1 μM) in combination with BA (10 μM) improved shoot organogenesis	[90]
Sweet cherry Prunus avium L.	Lapins	Lateral buds	Effect of BA, KIN, iP, and TDZ (1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 μM) in combination with IBA (0, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 μM) on shoot multiplication	BA produced the highest number of shoots with iP, TDZ, and KIN having poor multiplication. However, KIN and iP yielded sturdy shoots	[118]
Prunus microcarpa subsp. tortusa		Cotyledonshypocotyls, roots	Effect of BA, mT, and TDZ on shoot regeneration	BA and mT had the higher shoot regeneration relative to TDZ	[119]
Cherry rootstock Prunus fruticosa × Prunus lannesiana	Krymsk® 5 (cv. VSL 2)	Nodal segments	Effect of six CKs: four adenine type (BA, iP, KIN, and mT) and two phenylureas (TDZ and CPPU) at different concentrations (2.4, 4.8, and 9.6 μΜ) on shoot multiplication	Maximum shoot number (3.5 shoots at 9.6 μΜ) and node per explant (10 nodes at 9.6 μΜ) number were obtained from BA, while mT produced the highest number of nodes per cm and nodes per shoot	[120]
Mountain ash Sorbus aucuparia ×Sorbaronia dippelii		Cotyledons	Effect of NAA concentration in combination with 10 μM 6-BA on shoot organogenesis	Combination of 5 μM NAA with 10 μM BA improved shoot organogenesis	[90]
Mountain ash Sorbus aria		Cotyledons	Effect of NAA concentration in combination with 10 μM BA on shoot organogenesis	BA (10 μM) and NAA (5 μM) improved shoot organogenesis	[90]
Blueberries Vaccinium corymbosum L.	Sunshine Blue	Leaf, stem, and callus	Effect of Z and IBA on adventitious shoot regeneration	Z (9.12 µM) and IBA (2.46 µM) improved shoot regeneration in leaf and callus explants, while Z (9.12 µM) and IBA (1.23 µM) showed maximum shoot number in stem explants	[121]
Blueberries Vaccinium corymbosum L.	Bluejay	Leaf	Effect of Z and IBA on adventitious shoot regeneration	Callus formation and shoot number improved with Z (9.12 µM) and IBA (2.46 µM)	[121]
Blueberries Vaccinium corymbosum L.	Top Hat	Leaf	Effect of Z and IBA on adventitious shoot regeneration	IBA (1.23 µM) and Z (9.12 µM) increased callus formation and shoot number	[121]
Blueberries Vaccinium virgatum	Pink Lemonade	Leaf	Effect of Z and IBA on adventitious shoot regeneration	Control yielded high number of shoots, while Z (9.12 µM) and IBA (4.92 µM) improved callus formation	[121]
Blueberries Vaccinium corymbosum L.	Bluejay	Young stems	Effect of BA (2.22, 4.44, and 6.66 μM) and Z (2.28, 4.56, and 6.84 μM) with 0.57 μΜ IAA on shoot proliferation	6.84 μM Ζ increased shoot number per explant and 2.28 μM Ζ produced longer shoots	[122]
Blueberries Vaccinium ashei Reade rabbiteye hybrid derivative	Pink Lemonade	Young stems	Effect of BA (2.22, 4.44, and 6.66 μM) and Z (2.28, 4.56, and 6.84 μM) with 0.57 μΜ IAA on shoot proliferation	The highest number of shoots were obtained from 6.84 μM Ζ, with 2.28 μM Ζ treatment producing longer shoots	[122]
Lowbush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.	Fundy and two wild clones (‘NB1′ and ‘QB1′)	Shoot-tips	Performance of ‘Fundy’, ‘QB1′, and ‘NB1′ blueberries on shoot proliferation in liquid bioreactor cultures with 1 µM Z over two subculture	Genotypes differed significantly with respect to proliferation with ‘NB1′ producing 8.5 shoots/explant after 8 weeks	[123]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Berkeley	Shoots	Effect of 0.5 mg/L Z with IBA (0.1, 1 and 5 mg/L) on shoot organogenesis	Maximum shoots (2) produced in 0.5 mg/L Z (with 0.1 mg/L IBA) treatment	[124]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Biloxi	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (TDZ, Z, and ZR) alone or in combination with NAA (2.69 µM) on shoot organogenesis	Plant regeneration rate (88%) and shoot number (6) were achieved with 11.4 µM ZR	[125]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Bluecrop	Leaf blades	Effect of different CKs (TDZ and ZR) on shoot organogenesis	1 µM TDZ yielded 100% regeneration rate (100%) and a number of shoots (9)	[126]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Bluecrop	Shoots	Effect of 0.5 mg/L Z with IBA (0.1, 1, and 5 mg/L) on shoot organogenesis	Maximum shoots (3) were produced from 0.5 mg/L Z (with 0.1 mg/L IBA) treatment	[124]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Bluejay-83	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (iP and Z) on shoot initiation (%) with either low light or dark condition	93% shoot initiation rate occurred in 4 mg/L Z treatment under dark condition	[127]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Burlington	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (iP and Z) on shoot initiation (%) with either low light or dark condition	4 mg/L Z resulted in 100% shoot initiation rate under low light condition	[127]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Cabot	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (iP and Z) on shoot initiation (%) with either low light or dark condition	Highest shoot initiation rate (78%) was obtained from 10 mg/L iP treatment under low light condition	[127]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Coville	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (iP and Z) on shoot initiation (%) with either low light or dark condition	Low light conditions and 4 mg/L Z resulted in high shoot initiation rate (73%)	[127]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Emerald	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (TDZ, Z, and ZR) alone or in combination with NAA (2.69 µM) on shoot organogenesis	9.08 µM TDZ improved plant regeneration rate (82%) and shoot number (13)	[125]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Evelyn	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (iP and Z) on shoot initiation (%) with either low light or dark condition	80% shoot initiation rate was observed in 4 mg/L Z under low light condition	[127]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Goldtraube	Shoots	Effect of 0.5 mg/L Z with IBA (0.1, 1, and 5 mg/L) on shoot organogenesis	Maximum shoots (2) were produced in 0.5 mg/L Z (with 1 mg/L IBA) treatment	[124]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Herbert	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (iP and Z) on shoot initiation (%) with either low light or dark condition	Shoot initiation rate (89%) increase at 4 mg/L Z treatment under low light condition	[127]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Jewel	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (TDZ, Z, and ZR) alone or in combination with NAA (2.69 µM) on shoot organogenesis	Regeneration rate (89%) and number of shoots (13) were high in treatments consisting of 4.54 µM TDZ with 2.69 µM NAA	[125]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Jubilee	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (TDZ, Z, and ZR) alone or in combination with NAA (2.69 µM) on shoot organogenesis	4.54 µM TDZ with 2.69 µM NAA treatments yielded high regeneration rate (53.3%) and number of shoots (3)	[125]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Northsky	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (iP and Z) on shoot initiation (%) with either low light or dark condition	Shoot initiation rate (71%) was highest in 4 mg/L Z treatment under low light condition	[127]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	O’Neal	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (iP and Z) on shoot initiation (%) with either low light or dark condition	88% shoot initiation rate was observed at 15 mg/L iP treatment under dark condition	[127]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Pemberton	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (iP and Z) on shoot initiation (%) with either low light or dark condition	Highest shoot initiation rate (83%) occurred in 4 mg/L Z treatment under low light condition	[127]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Pioneer	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (iP and Z) on shoot initiation (%) with either low light or dark condition	4 mg/L Z increased shoot initiation rate (63%) under low light conditions	[127]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corybosum L.	Washington	Nodal segments	Effect of different CKs (iP and Z) on shoot initiation (%) with either low light or dark condition	Shoot initiation rate (85%) improved in explants treated with 4 mg/L Z under low light condition	[127]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L	Ozarkblue	Leaves	Effect of different CKs on shoot proliferation	Maximum shoots (20) were produced at 20 µM Z treatment	[128]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L.	Duke	Nodal segments	Effect of CKs (TDZ, Z, and iP) on shoot proliferation	2 mg/L Z yielded maximum shoots (4)	[96]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L.	Sunrise	Leaves	Effect of CK conjugates (ZR at 10, 20, and 30 μM) in comparison to Z (10, 20, or 30 μM) and iP (15 μM) on shoot proliferation from leaf section explants	Highest number (21 shoot/explant) of shoot occurred in 20 µM ZR treatment (six times higher than 15 μM iP)	[129]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L.	Bluecrop	Leaves	Effect of CK conjugates, ZR (10, 20, and 30 μM) in comparison to Z (10, 20, or 30 μM) and iP (15 μM) on shoot proliferation from leaf section explants	No shoot regenerated in all treatments	[129]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L.	Duke	Leaves	Effect of CK conjugates, ZR (10, 20, and 30 μM) in comparison to Z (10, 20, or 30 μM) and iP (15 μM) on shoot proliferation from leaf section explants	No shoot regenerated in all treatments	[129]
Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L.		Double-node segments	Effect of different light treatment with/without 1 mg/L ZR on shoot proliferation	A combination of 100% red LEDs with ZR treatment improved shoot number, number of nodes, leaf number, and leaf area. Application of ZR significantly enhanced shoot proliferation	[130]
Bog bilberry Vaccinium uliginosum L.		Young nodal segments	Effect of Z, 2iP, TDZ, IBA, IAA, and GA on shoot multiplication	Maximum shoot number and shoot length were obtained from a combination of Z (2.0 mg/L), 0.1 IBA (mg/L), and 0.2 GA (mg/L)	[131]
Lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.	Red Pearl	Leaves	Effect of different CKs on shoot proliferation	Maximum shoots (30) produced in 20 µM Z (with 1 µM NAA) treatment	[128]
Lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult.		Immature leaves	Development and standardization of shoot regeneration protocol in a liquid culture medium using bioreactor systems and solid medium with PGRs (9.1 μM Z and 1.8 μM TDZ)	Shoot multiplication was 2–3 times better in liquid medium than on a semi-solid medium. Z produced vigorous and longer shoots that had more leaves per shoot	[132]
Grape rootstocks Vitis champini	Dogridge	Single-node segments	Effect of BA (2–4 mg/L), KIN (2–4 mg/L) individually or in combination with 0.2 mg/L NAA on culture initiation. Shoot proliferation/rooting were established with IBA (2 or 4 mg/L) individually or in combination with activated charcoal (200 mg/L)	BA (2) + NAA (0.2) improved culture initiation (55.98%) and time taken for buds to sprout (6.3 days) in the genotype. 72.35% plantlet survival following IBA and activated charcoal treatment	[133]
Grape Vitis vinifera L.	‘Red Globe’	Nodal segment -	Effect of subculturing intervals, BAP (1, 2, and 3 mg/L), Ca concentrations (120.12, 180.18, and 240.24 mg/L), boron (1.08 mg/L), and boric acid (1.08, 2.17, and 3.25 mg/L) at full and ½ MS medium on STN disorder	STN disorder can be best managed in ½ MS media with 1 mg/L BAP, 180.18 mg/L Ca, and 1.08 mg/L boric acid with a 2-week subculture interval	[134]
Grape rootstocks Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca	H-144	Single-node segments	Effect of BA (2–4 mg/1), KIN (2–4 mg/1) individually or in combination with 0.2 mg/1 NAA on culture initiation. Shoot proliferation/rooting were established with IBA (2 or 4 mg/1) individually or in combination with activated charcoal (200 mg/L)	Culture establishment was relatively low (38.31%) with BA (2) + NAA (0.2), and bud sprouting took 14.3 days. Rooting was increased with IBA and charcoal, resulting in 87.75% plantlet survival	[133]

2,4-D = 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 4-CPPU = N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea; BA = N⁶-benzyladenine; BAP = 6-benzylaminopurine; BAR = N⁶-benzyladenine riboside; CK = cytokinins; GA = gibberellins; IBA = indole-3-butyric acid; iP = N⁶-(2-isopentenyl)adenine; KIN = kinetin; mT = meta-topolin; mTR = meta-topolin riboside; MemT = meta-methoxy topolin; MemTR = meta-methoxy topolin riboside; mTTHP = meta-topolin tetrahydropyran-2-yl; NAA = naphthalene acetic acid; PGRs = plant growth regulators; STN = shoot-tip necrosis; TDZ = thidiazuron; Z = zeatin; ZR = zeatin ribosides.