Table 3.

Recent findings on the cellulose composited in thermoplastic filament for FDM extrusion.

Polymer/Cellulose Composition (wt%)	Extrusion Technique	FDM Printer	Nozzle Temp. (°C)	Nozzle Diameter (mm)	Improvements.	Ref.
73.5% PLA, 24.5% PHB, 1% CNC, 1% dicumyl peroxide	Twin-screw	WASP Delta 2040 Turbo 2	200	0.4	Mechanical properties and thermal stability	[90]
93% PLA, 7% Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose	Single-screw	Ender-3S	200	0.4	Thermal properties and contact angle	[92]
70% PLA, 25% recycled PLA, 5% MCC, 0.5 phr epoxy-based chain extender	Twin-screw	LulzBot TAZ 6	200	0.5	Tensile strength, modulus and Izod impact strength	[96]
95% PLA, 5% Hemp powder	Single-screw	Ultimaker 3	180	0.4	Elastic modulus, tensile strength	[97]
95% ABS, 5% CNC/Silica nanohybdrids	Twin-screw	S1 Architect 3D	235	0.3	Reduced warping, tensile strength, and layer adhesion	[98]
90% Polycaprolactone, (PCL), 10% MCC	Single-screw	Prusa i3	210	0.4	Mechanical strength and cell proliferation	[99]
80% Polypropylene (PP), 20% cellulose waste materials	Twin-screw	Lulzot Taz 6 MEAM	220	0.8	Storage and elastic modulus	[100]
95% ABS, 5% Oil palm fibre	Single-screw	UP Plus 2	N/A	0.4	Tensile strength and elastic modulus	[101]
80% PVA, 20% CNC	Single-screw	Sharebot Next Generation	230	0.35	Tensile strength and thermal properties	[102]
90% ABS, 10% Lignin coated CNC	Single-screw	Solidoodle 3	210	0.35	Mechanical and thermal properties	[103]
70% PLA, 30% CNF	Single-screw	Solidoodle 3	180	0.35	Tensile strength and elastic modulus	[104]
87% PLA, 13% polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), 40 phr Hemp hurd	Twin-screw	3D da Vinci 1.0	200	0.4	Flexural modulus and dimensional accuracy	[105]
50% Poly (ε-caprolactone), 50% cocoa shell waste	Single-screw	Prusa i3 Hephestos	120	0.3	Mechanical and thermal properties	[106]