Table 1.
Clinical characteristics, in-hospital treatments, complications, outcomes, and resource utilization in heat stroke patients with and without acute kidney injury.
| Total | Acute Kidney Injury | No Acute Kidney Injury | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| N (%) | 3346 | 1206 (36.0) | 2140 (64.0) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 55 ± 22 | 50 ± 21 | 57 ± 23 | <0.001 |
| <20 | 218 (6.5) | 64 (5.3) | 154 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| 20–39 | 649 (19.4) | 335 (27.8) | 314 (14.7) | |
| 40–59 | 1022 (30.5) | 426 (35.3) | 596 (27.9) | |
| 60–79 | 895 (26.7) | 231 (19.2) | 664 (31.1) | |
| ≥80 | 560 (16.7) | 150 (12.4) | 410 (19.2) | |
| Male | 2459 (73.5) | 985 (81.7) | 1474 (69.0) | <0.001 |
| Race | ||||
| Caucasian | 1876 (56.1) | 669 (55.5) | 1207 (56.4) | <0.001 |
| African American | 484 (14.5) | 215 (17.8) | 269 (12.6) | |
| Hispanic | 425 (12.7) | 163 (13.5) | 262 (12.2) | |
| Other | 561 (16.8) | 159 (13.2) | 402 (18.8) | |
| Smoking | 603 (18.0) | 234 (19.4) | 369 (17.2) | 0.12 |
| Alcohol drinking | 270 (8.1) | 97 (8.0) | 173 (8.1) | 0.97 |
| Obesity | 231 (6.9) | 107 (8.9) | 124 (5.8) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 549 (16.4) | 153 (12.7) | 369 (18.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1233 (36.8) | 409 (33.9) | 824 (38.5) | 0.008 |
| Dyslipidemia | 489 (14.6) | 156 (12.9) | 333 (15.6) | 0.04 |
| Hypothyroidism | 195 (5.8) | 64 (5.3) | 131(6.1) | 0.33 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 175 (5.2) | 95 (7.9) | 80 (3.7) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 384 (11.5) | 95 (7.9) | 289 (13.5) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 208 (6.2) | 78 (6.5) | 130 (6.1) | 0.65 |
| Atrial flutter/fibrillation | 247 (7.4) | 73 (6.1) | 174 (8.1) | 0.03 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 1046 (31.3) | 652 (54.1) | 394 (18.4) | <0.001 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 682 (20.4) | 383 (31.8) | 299 (14.0) | <0.001 |
| Blood component transfusion | 164 (4.9) | 109 (9.0) | 55 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Complication and outcomes | ||||
| Hyponatremia | 291 (8.7) | 131 (10.9) | 160 (7.5) | 0.001 |
| Hypernatremia | 182 (5.4) | 113 (9.4) | 69 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypokalemia | 499 (14.9) | 181 (15.0) | 318 (14.9) | 0.91 |
| Hyperkalemia | 132 (3.9) | 100 (8.3) | 32 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypocalcemia | 73 (2.2) | 37 (3.1) | 36 (1.7) | 0.008 |
| Hypercalcemia | 37 (1.1) | 29 (2.4) | 8 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Hypo/hyperphosphatemia | 120 (3.6) | 72 (6.0) | 48 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypo/hypermagnesemia | 128 (3.8) | 58 (4.8) | 70 (3.3) | 0.03 |
| Metabolic acidosis | 468 (14.0) | 296 (24.5) | 172 (8.0) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic alkalosis | 29 (0.9) | 18 (1.5) | 11 (0.5) | 0.003 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 53 (1.6) | 30 (2.5) | 23 (1.1) | 0.002 |
| Sepsis | 144 (4.3) | 93 (7.7) | 51 (2.4) | 0.001 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 221 (6.6) | 100 (8.3) | 121 (5.7) | 0.003 |
| Ventricular arrhythmia/cardiac arrest | 94 (2.8) | 57 (4.7) | 37 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory failure | 546 (16.3) | 324 (26.9) | 222 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| Circulatory failure | 385 (11.5) | 199 (16.5) | 186 (8.7) | <0.001 |
| Liver failure | 192 (5.7) | 147 (12.2) | 45 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| Neurological failure | 641 (19.2) | 305 (25.3) | 336 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| Hematological failure | 445 (13.3) | 272 (22.6) | 173 (8.1) | <0.001 |
| In-hospital mortality | 167 (5.0) | 110 (9.1) | 57 (2.7) | <0.001 |
| Resource utilization | ||||
| Length of hospital stay (days), mean (SD) | 4.2 ± 6.7 | 5.5±8.8 | 3.5 ± 5.0 | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization cost ($), mean (SD) | 34,780 ± 70,401 | 52,656 ± 103,477 | 24,707 ± 37,912 | <0.001 |