Table 3.
Potential role of cancer biomarkers in liquid biopsy performed on urine samples.
| Biomarker | Cancer Type | Study Characteristics | Study Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor DNA (urine supernatant) | NMIBC | NMIBC patients (n = 216) and patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy (n = 27) | An association between high levels of tumor DNA and later disease progression in NMIBC. | [158] |
| 6-gene (APC2, CDH1, FOXP1, LRRC3B, WNT7A and ZIC4) promoter methylation (urine cell-free DNA) | Prostate cancer | Prostate cancer patients (n = 31) and control subjects (n = 33) | NGM increased monotonically from 0.27 in control subjects to 4.6 and 4.25 in patients with highly developed and T2/T3 stage metastatic prostate cancer, respectively. | [159] |
| ctDNA (plasma, urine) | mCRC | mCRC patients (n = 150) | Utilization of both plasma and urine cell-free DNA to address disease progression in CRC patients. | [160] |
| EGFR and TP53 mutations (plasma, urine, sputum) | NSCLC | NSCLC patients (n = 50) | Increase in the detection of EGFR or TP53 mutation with higher sensitivity by a combination of plasma, sputum and urine. | [161] |
| Lipids in urinary exosomes | Prostate cancer | Prostate cancer patients (n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 13) | Different levels of lipid species in the two groups. | [24] |
| miRNA | ccRCC | ccRCC patients (n = 75) and control subjects (n = 45) | Higher urinary cell-free miRNA-210 in ccRCC vs. control. Decreased urinary cell-free miRNA-210 in ccRCC patients a week after surgery. |
[163] |
| miRNA (urine-derived exosomes) | Endometrial cancer | Endometrial cancer patients (n = 22) and symptomatic controls (n = 5) | The potential utilization of differential miRNA in exosomes as biomarker in diagnosis of endometrial cancer (hsa-miR-200c-3p as a candidate). | [165] |
| miRNAs | Bladder cancer | Identification of miRNA fingerprints: bladder cancer patients (n = 66) and control subjects (n = 48). Altered miRNAs validation: bladder cancer patients (n = 112) and control subjects (n = 65) |
AUC (miR-30a-5p, let-7c-5p, miR-486-5p) altered in all bladder cancer subtypes → increased accuracy in the discrimination of cases and controls. | [164] |
Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma; CRC, colorectal carcinoma; ctDNA, circulating cell-free tumor DNA; mCRC, metastatic colorectal carcinoma; NGM, number of genes methylated; NMIBC, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer; NSCLS, non-small cell lung cancer.