Figure 1.

Sampling scheme: top = foliar symptom expressions of Esca complex disease (ESCA)-affected Vitis vinifera L. ‘Malvasia Fina’ with (a) healthy, (b) asymptomatic, (c) chlorotic, and (d) spotted/scorched leaves that will later assume a tiger-stripe pattern. Middle = water status of leaf samples estimated after oven drying. Bottom left = Experimental leaf groups: Cross-sections of some healthy trunks showed most of the tissue to be non-necrotic, whereas affected trunks showed moderate or large areas of brown wood streaks and necrotic tissues. Bottom right = cores of wood extracted with an increment borer.