Table 2.

Qualitative evaluation studies.

Author, Date, Country	Program	Study Goals	Study Design/ Population	Intervention Content			Intervention Format	Measurement Instruments, Evaluation Timepoints	Outcome
				Information Provision	Behavioral Modification	Physical Exercises
Hellqvist et al., 2018 Sweden	NPS (National Parkinson School)	(1) identify experiences valuable for managing daily life after participation in the program (2) explore applicability of self- and family-management framework by Grey	qualitative explorative design with two-step-analyses, multicenter PwPD (n = 25) CG (n = 17)	need of disease related knowledge to understand how it affect the daily life, stress management, communication, anxiety and depression, self-monitoring, enriching activities, future life with PD	self-management and self-monitoring as central concepts, knowledge and tools to enhance ability to live and handle life with disease, awareness about thoughts and reactions, replace negative thoughts with constructive thoughts helps manage difficulties	relaxation exercises (15 min, end of a session)	7 wk NPS interactive group sessions (1 per wk, 2 h) introduction of a specific topic to give more knowledge, group discussion, practical exercises, relaxation exercises and homework qualified trainers (health care professionals) CG: common session with PT	demographic questionnaire, t0 5 audio-record and verbatim transcription of last intervention session (reflection by participants on NPS, expected use of knowledge, technique in daily lives), t1 inductive thematic analyses of transcript deductive application to self- and family-management framework by Grey of transcript evaluation timepoints: t0 = onset of NPS t1 = wk 7, last intervention session	major themes of being an NPS participant exchanging experiences and feeling support adjustment and acceptance of PD for managing daily life promoting life satisfaction * self- and family-management framework fit to persons with PD and their relatives
Hellqvist et al., 2020 Sweden		(1) whether PwPD and CG implemented the strategies of self-monitoring included in the NPS and use them in clinical encounters with health care professionals	qualitative inductive study with two-part method: observation and follow-up interviews, monocenter PwPD (n = 10) CG (n = 3)					observation during a routine visit at outpatient clinic (45 to 60 min) with observational guide (relational interaction, social processes, content of topics discussed during the consultation), t1 interview without physician after consultation with interview guide (3 to 22 min), t1 evaluation timepoints: t1 = 3 to 5 mth after participation on NPS intervention	NPS have an impact on understanding PD and abilities available to handle everyday life PT and CG use techniques of self-observation in everyday lives * core category awareness of own abilities strengthens mutual understanding and communication in the health care encounter subcategories self-observation in everyday life self-care activities to promote health managing the emotional impact of PD
Mulligan et al., 2011 New Zealand	Living Well with Parkinson’s Disease	(1) evaluate an innovative self-management program from the users’ perspectives	qualitative evaluation study, individual interviews with participants, monocenter PwPD (n = 8) CG (n = 3)	knowledge about PD current research, medication, nutrition, emotional and psychological aspects	enable participants to effectively self-manage life, identify level of self-efficacy	physical exercises (not further described)	6 wk Living Well with PD group intervention (90 min) lecture and interactive discussion morning or evening sessions at beginning of program: PDQ-39 (Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39) and CDSES (Chronic disease self-efficacy scale) to highlight personal perceived level of self- efficacy in relation to living with the symptoms different health care providers (dietician, not further described) CG: common session with PT	semi-structured individual interviews (10 to 30 min) interview topics: participant’s background of PD, expectations of the program, perceived outcomes of the program, organizational aspects of the six seminars audio-record and verbatim transcription general inductive analyses evaluation timepoint: t1 = 2 to 7 wk. after participation on intervention	strong need for knowledge of living with PD program improved ability to cope and to self-manage living with PD learning new information, meeting other people with PD reported psychosocial benefits participants’ recommendations for future follow-up sessions * core categories the before: me and my Parkinson’s, reasons for attending, knowledge the after: psychosocial benefits, self-management/social benefit, new strategies, reinforcement, valuable content, logistics that enhanced the future: content, logistics that detracted, philosophy of self-management

Table shows studies using qualitative methods to evaluate self-management and patient programs. * summarized for space restrictions. Abbreviations: NPS National Parkinson School, PwPD patients with Parkinson’s disease, PD Parkinson’s disease, n number, wk week(s), mth month, h hours, min minutes, t time, PT patients, CG caregiver, PDQ-39 Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39, CDSES Chronic disease self-efficacy scale.