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Kupffer cells (KCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) by default confer T cell tolerance by presenting antigens in a non-stimulatory context, characterized by low expression of costimulatory receptors like CD86 but high expression of PD-L1 and by the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β.
