Table 2.
More frequent ultrasound parameters used for regenerative effects. The most common ones are highlighted in bold.
| Biological Effects | Ultrasound Parameters | References |
|---|---|---|
| Proliferation and viability | frequency 1/1.5 MHz; 30/50/100 mW/cm2 SATA; 20%/100% duty cycle; 10/20/30 min/day | [28,30,32,33,34,36,39,41] |
| Adhesion | frequency 1.5 MHz; 30/100 mW/cm2 SATA; 20%/100% duty cycle; 10/20 min/day | [42,43,44] |
| Extracellular matrix production | frequency 1/1.5/3 MHz; 30/200 mW/cm2 SATA; 20% duty cycle; 15/20 min/day for 5/7 consecutive days | [45,46,47,48] |
| Migration | frequency 1/1.5/3 MHz; 30/160/240 mW/cm2 SATA; 20%/100% duty cycle; 15/20 min/day | [34,35,42,51,53] |
| Homing | LIPUS: frequency 1.5 MHz; 30 mW/cm2 SATA; 20% duty cycle; 20 min/day for 3 days pFUS: 133 mW/cm2 SATA; frequency 1 MHz; 1/5 Hz; 5% duty cycle |
[54,55,56] |
| Differentiation | frequency 1/1.5/2 MHz; 30/50/150/200/300/500 mW/cm2 SATA; 20% duty cycle; 10/20/30 min/day | [28,36,45,62,64,67,72,77,81] |
| Regenerative effects | frequency 1.5/1.6 MHz; 30/50/90 mW/cm2 SATA; 20% duty cycle; 20 min/day | [8,36,83,84,86] |
| Angiogenic effects | frequency 1/1875 MHz; 15/25 mW/cm2 SATA; 20% duty cycle; 20 min/day | [89,91,94,95] |
| Anti-inflammatory effects | frequency 1.5/3 MHz; 30/200 mW/cm2 SATA; 20% duty cycle; 15/20 min/day | [95,97,99,101] |
| Anti-degenerative effects | frequency 1 MHz; 50/110 mW/cm2 SATA; 20%/50% duty cycle; 10/15 min/day | [73,102,103] |