Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with borderline dystonia who underwent bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation.
| Patient 1 | Patient 2 | Patient 3 | Patient 4 | Patient 5 | Mean ± SD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) at the surgery | 15 | 33 | 35 | 22 | 36 | 28.2 ± 9.3 |
| Sex | F | F | F | F | M | - |
| Age at onset (yr) | 13 | 25 | 32 | 20 | 34 | 24.8 ± 8.6 |
| Duration of disease (yr) | 2 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1.5 | 3.3 ± 2.7 |
| Type of dystonia | Generalized | Generalized | Generalized | Generalized | Hemidystonia | - |
| Core dystonic feature | a | a, b | a, b | b | a | - |
| Other symptoms related to the organic dystonia | c | c, d | c, e | c, e, f | c, e | - |
| Fahn-Williams criteria | Clinically established | Documented | Documented | Documented | Documented | - |
| Gupta and Lang proposed revisions | Clinically definite | Clinically definite | Clinically definite | Clinically definite | Clinically definite | - |
| Diagnosed psychiatric disturbance | BPD | Panic disorder, DD | DD | BPD | None | - |
| Therapies received before (upper column) and after (lower column) DBS | M, BTX, R, PT | M, BTX, rTMS, R | M, BTX, baclofen (trial), R | M, BTX, R, PT | M, BTX, R | |
| M, BTX, baclofen (trial), R, PT, OSSCS | M, R | M, R | M, R, PT | M, BTX, R |
SD: standard deviation, a: dystonic posture, b: dystonic movement, c: action dystonia, d: morning benefit, e: mirroring, f: overflow, BPD: borderline personality disorder, DD: dissociative disorder, DBS: deep brain stimulation, M: medications, BTX: botulinum toxin, R: rehabilitation, PT: psychotherapy, OSSCS: orthopedic selective spasticity-control surgery, rTMS: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.