Table 6.

The impact of solid dispersion and microemulsions on the solubility and bioavailability of carotenoids.

Purpose of the Study	Study Details		Results	Reference
Solubility of β-carotene	Solid dispersion prepared by hot-melt technology with polyvinylpyrrolidone and sucrose fatty acid esters	Rats	High solubility	[226]
	Hot-melt technology (solid dispersions technology)—the weight ratio of β-carotene:polyvinylpyrrolidone:sucrose fatty acid ester to 10%:70%:20%		Improved water solubility of β-carotene	[227]
Bioaccessibility of β-carotene, lycopene	Pitanga (E. uniflora) and buriti (M. flexuosa) microemulsions: direct processing (high-speed homogenization at 15,000 rpm and ultrasound with 20 kHz probe at 40% amplitude) of the whole pulp together with surfactant (Tween 80 or Whey Protein Isolate at 2%) and corn oil (5%)	Dynamic gastrointestinal system (simulation of human digestion)	Surfactant and oil: protection of carotenoids in fruits and microemulsions	[228]
			Final recovery of total carotenoids, higher for microemulsions than for whole pulps
			High losses of total carotenoids in buriti and β-carotene and lycopene in pitanga during jejunum and ileum phases