APCs	Antigen-presenting cells
API	Active pharmaceutical ingredient
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
CendR	C-end Rule
CTLA-4	Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4
DSG2	Desmoglein 2
ECM	Extracellular matrix
EPR	Enhanced permeability and retention
FAM	Fluorescein
GF	Gland formation
nGF	No gland formation
HA-PLA	Self-assembled amphiphilic block copolymer NPs
HPRP-A1	Anti-microbial peptide derived from the N-terminus of ribosomal protein L1 of H. pylori
IFP	Interstitial fluid pressure
iRGD-ICG-LPs	iRGD-modified indocyanine green (ICG) liposomes
ISL-iRGD NPs	iRGD-modified lipid–polymer hybrid NPs loaded with isoliquiritigenin
JO-1	Junction opener-1
LGR	Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein receptors
NCs	Nanocapsules
NIR	Near infrared
NPs	Nanoparticles
NRP-1	Neuropilin-1
PCL-PVP	Poly (ε-caprolactone)-poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone)
PD-1	Programmed cell death protein 1
PD-L1	Programmed death ligand 1
PDAC	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
PDT	Photodynamic therapy
PEDF	Pigment epithelium-derived factor
PLGA	Paclitaxel-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
PTT	Photothermal therapy
R-LP	iRGD-modified liposomes
R-LP/PEDF	iRGD-conjugated pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF)-DNA-loaded liposomes
R-LP/shelF3i	iRGD-modified liposomes encapsulating elF3i shRNA
SEC2	Staphylococcus endotoxin C2
SEER	Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results
SLN	Solid–lipid nanoparticles
TAMs	Tumor-associated macrophages
TRAIL	TNF-α-related apoptosis inducing ligand
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor