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. 2020 Aug 31;9(9):2818. doi: 10.3390/jcm9092818

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Illustrations of the FFF PEEK 3D printing issues in the cranial implants regarding different orientations. (a) horizontally printed cranial implant showing raft detachment/warping effect (in situ); (b) horizontally printed cranial implant displaying rough internal surface; (c) vertical printed cranial implant exhibiting different levels of crystallinity (in situ); (d) 3D printed skull biomodel with the vertically printed implant after support structure removal; and (e) annealed vertically printed cranial implant displaying no discolorations.