Table 3.

Salient features of different zoonotic coronaviruses.

Virus	HCoV-229E	HCoV-NL63	HCoV-OC43	HCoV-HKU1	SARS-CoV	MERS-CoV	SARS-CoV-2
Genus	Alphacoronavirus		Betacoronavirus
Disease	Mild respiratory tract infections			Mild respiratory tract infections and pneumonia	Severe acute respiratory syndrome	Middle East respiratory syndrome	Coronavirus disease 2019
Natural host	Bats		Rodents		Bats
Intermediate host	Camelids?	Unidentified	Bovines	Unidentified	Palm civets	Dromedary camels	Unidentified
Transmission	Respiratory droplets, aerosols, and fomites				Respiratory droplets, aerosols, fomites and fecal–oral	Respiratory droplets and fomites	Respiratory droplets, aerosols, fomites, and fecal–oral (?)
Incubation period (days)	2–5	2–4	2–5	2–4	2–11	2–13	1–14
Signs and symptoms	Fever, nasal discharge, sneezing, cough, malaise headache, and sore throat	Fever, dry cough, headache, myalgia, malaise, dyspnea, respiratory distress, and diarrhea	Fever, nasal discharge, sneezing, cough, malaise headache, and sore throat	Fever, cough, running nose, and dyspnea	Fever, headache, dry cough, dyspnea, respiratory distress, malaise, myalgia, and diarrhea	Fever, cough, myalgia, chills, sore throat, dyspnea, pneumonia, arthralgia, diarrhea, vomiting, and acute renal impairment	Fever, dry cough, headache, dyspnea, myalgia, respiratory distress, renal impairment, diarrhea, multiple organ failure
Case fatality	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	9.6%	34.4%	3.5%
Epidemiology	Peak in winter globally				2002–03 in China, then Globally to 29 countries	2012 in Middle East, 2015 in South Korea, and Endemic in Middle East	2019–2020 in China, then progressed to a global pandemic.
References	[161,162,163,164,165,166,167]	[168,169,170,171,172,173]	[165,174]	[174,175]	[176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183]	[184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196]	[155,197,198,199]