Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Studied Subjects.
| Study groups | DM | Control | DSPN | Responders | Nonresponders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 30 | 30 | 60 | 35 | 19 |
| Gender (F/M) | 16/14 | 15/15 | 29/31 | 16/19 | 12/7 |
| Age(years)a | 57.6 ± 4.8 | 58.2 ± 4.6 | 59.3 ± 5.6 | 57.3 ± 5.2 | 62.0 ± 4.8 |
| Diabetic duration (years)a | 1.7 ± 1.6 | / | 9.8 ± 5.1 | 7.1 ± 2.7 | 11.2 ± 5.4 |
| Smoking (%) | 15 (50.0%) | 13 (43.3%) | 30 (50.0%) | 17 (48.6%) | 8 (42.1%) |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 7 (23.3%) | 7 (23.3%) | 16 (26.7%) | 12 (34.3%) | 2 (10.5%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.74 ± 2.81 | 23.43 ± 2.31 | 23.20 ± 2.45 | 22.75 ± 2.32 | 23.3 ± 2.09 |
| SBP (mmHg)b | 128.2 ± 15.9 | 115.0 ± 14.6 | 130.5 ± 13.0 | 130.8 ± 13.8 | 130.8 ± 12.6 |
| DBP (mmHg)c | 75.9 ± 10.6 | 71.7 ± 10.4 | 77.0 ± 10.3 | 78.1 ± 11.1 | 75.3 ± 9.3 |
| FPG (mmol/L)d | 7.78 ± 2.43 | 4.66 ± 0.42 | 10.54 ± 3.41 | 10.50 ± 3.06 | 10.47 ± 4.31 |
| HbA1c (%)d | 7.55 ± 1.76 | 5.01 ± 0.28 | 9.98 ± 2.52 | 9.61 ± 2.53 | 10.54 ± 2.74 |
| TG (mmol/L)e | 1.78 ± 1.15 | 1.26 ± 0.70 | 1.73 ± 0.80 | 1.78 ± 0.88 | 1.67 ± 0.75 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.38 ± 0.99 | 4.61 ± 0.76 | 4.59 ± 1.31 | 4.50 ± 1.38 | 4.72 ± 1.35 |
| HDL (mmol/L)f | 1.16 ± 0.39 | 1.28 ± 0.30 | 1.09 ± 0.25 | 1.12 ± 0.22 | 1.08 ± 0.33 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.49 ± 0.78 | 2.57 ± 0.57 | 2.79 ± 1.02 | 2.93 ± 1.11 | 2.46 ± 0.91 |
| Scr (umol/L) | 64.24 ± 12.92 | 66.68 ± 16.79 | 71.89 ± 19.96 | 68.95 ± 20.61 | 77.10 ± 20.34 |
| Albnmin (g/L) | 41.99 ± 2.82 | 42.42 ± 1.58 | 41.21 ± 3.13 | 40.97 ± 3.00 | 41.55 ± 3.72 |
| History of stroke (%)f | 5 (16.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (23.3%) | 7 (20.0%) | 7 (36.8%) |
| History of CAD (%)g | 5 (16.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 26 (43.3%) | 12 (34.3%) | 11 (57.9%) |
| Hypertension medication (%)h | 7 (23.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 29 (48.3%) | 19 (54.3%) | 7 (36.8%) |
| Lipid-lowering medication (%)h | 8 (26.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 33 (55.0%) | 19 (54.3%) | 11 (57.9%) |
| Antiplatelet agents (%)f | 5 (16.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (23.3%) | 7 (20.0%) | 6 (31.6%) |
| Diabetic medications (%) | |||||
| Insulin (%) | 14 (46.7%) | – | 41 (68.3%) | 22 (62.9%) | 15 (78.9%) |
| Sulfonylureas (%) | 2 (6.7%) | – | 12 (20.0%) | 8 (22.9%) | 3 (15.8%) |
| Metformin (%) | 22 (73.3%) | – | 39 (65.0%) | 23 (65.7%) | 12 (63.2%) |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (%) | 15 (50.0%) | – | 36 (60.0%) | 20 (57.1%) | 11 (57.9%) |
| Pioglitazone (%) | 5 (16.7%) | – | 13 (21.7%) | 6 (17.1%) | 5 (26.3%) |
| Glinides (%) | 1 (3.3%) | – | 3 (5.0%) | 2 (5.7%) | 1 (5.3%) |
| DPP-4 inhibitors (%) | 9 (30.0%) | – | 19 (31.7%) | 13 (37.1%) | 5 (26.3%) |
| Biomarkers of cytokines | |||||
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 71.26 ± 12.21 | 70.13 ± 11.17 | 74.61 ± 10.28 | 75.30 ± 10.54 | 73.66 ± 11.26 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 653.83 ± 92.99 | 645.02 ± 79.41 | 630.81 ± 110.89 | 637.26 ± 106.05 | 590.90 ± 106.89 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL)f | 402.31 ± 55.47 | 374.81 ± 63.18 | 412.90 ± 64.58 | 416.34 ± 57.89 | 401.99 ± 74.34 |
| sCIAM-1 (ng/mL)g | 1342.17 ± 237.54 | 1308.00 ± 200.94 | 1477.56 ± 228.00 | 1501.21 ± 249.15 | 1439.96 ± 188.28 |
| NGF (pg/mL)i | 3734.87 ± 647.50 | 3771.08 ± 655.86 | 3509.11 ± 438.39 | 3578.58 ± 499.20 | 3435.49 ± 345.35 |
| VEGF (pg/mL)f | 149.62 ± 26.30 | 157.39 ± 25.11 | 140.93 ± 24.78 | 143.21 ± 25.39 | 134.83 ± 21.65 |
| CD34+ cells ×105/La | / | / | 16.33 ± 2.71 | 17.61 ± 2.64 | 14.79 ± 1.62 |
| Mononuclear cells ×108/La | / | / | 10.99 ± 2.27 | 12.05 ± 2.16 | 9.84 ± 1.53 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or number (percentage).
BMI, body mass index; CAD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; DPP-4: dipeptidylpeptidse 4; DSPN, diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; IL, interleukin; LDL, low density lipoprotein; NGF, nerve growth factor; SBP, systolic blood pressure; Scr, serum creatinine; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
a Responder versus nonresponder, P < 0.01.
b DSPN versus control, P < 0.0001; DM versus control, P < 0.001.
c DSPN versus control, P < 0.05.
d DSPN versus control, P < 0.0001; DM versus control, P < 0.0001; DSPN versus DM, P < 0.0001.
e DSPN versus control, P < 0.01; DM versus control, P < 0.05.
f DSPN versus control, P < 0.01.
g DSPN versus control, P < 0.001; DSPN versus DM, P < 0.05.
h DSPN versus control, P < 0.0001; DM versus control, P < 0.05; DSPN versus DM, P < 0.05.
i DSPN versus DM, P < 0.05.