Table 1.
Organ | Bacteria | ILC Subgroup | Cytokines and Involved Signaling Pathways | Effect on Host | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intestine | Citrobacter rodentium | ILC1 | Activation: | ? | [39,40] | |
Production: | TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12 | protective | ||||
ILC3 | Activation: | MHCII; GPCR (Ffar2, GPR183); Ahr; VitA/RA; CXCL16/CXCR6 | [60,61,72,73,77,78,79,80,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,93,94,95,96,97] | |||
Production: | IL-22 | protective | ||||
Clostridium difficile | ILC1 | Activation: | ? | [43] | ||
Production: | IFN-γ | protective | ||||
ILC2 | Activation: | IL-33 | [57] | |||
Production: | ? | protective | ||||
ILC3 | Activation: | IL-1β | [43,105] | |||
Production: | IL-22 | protective | ||||
Salmonella typhimurium | ILC1 | Activation: | IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-1β | [36,45,48] | ||
Production: | IFN-γ | protective | ||||
ILC3 | Inhibition: | VitA/RA | harmful | [71,88,106,107,108,110] | ||
Activation: | ? | |||||
Production: | IL-22 | protective | ||||
Stomach | Helicobacter pylori | ILC2 | Activation: | IL-33, IL-7 | [56,58] | |
Production: | IL-5 | protective | ||||
Lung | Klebsiella pneumoniae | NK | Activation: | type I IFNs | [120] | |
Production: | IFN-γ | protective | ||||
ILC3 | Activation: | ? | [119,137] | |||
Production: | IL-17 | protective | ||||
Streptococcus pneumoniae | ILC2 | Activation: | ? | [116] | ||
Production: | IL-13 | harmful | ||||
ILC3 | Activation: | ? | [131,132,133,134] | |||
Production: | IL-22 | protective | ||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ILC3 | Activation: | ? | [135,136] | ||
Production: | IL-17, IL-22 | protective | ||||
Bordetella pertussis | NK | Activation: | IL-18 | [123,124,125] | ||
Production: | IFN-γ | protective | ||||
Mycobacterium tuberculosis | ILC3 | Activation: | CXCL13/CXCR5 | [140,141] | ||
Production | IL-22, IL-17 | protective | ||||
Skin | Staphylococcus aureus | ILC2 | Activation: | TSLP; CD1a | [147] | |
Production: | ? | harmful |