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. 2020 Sep 2;8(9):1342. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8091342

Table 1.

Participation of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subgroups in bacterial infection defense. Abbreviations: MHCII—major histocompatibility complex class II; VitA—Vitamin A/retinol; RA—retinoic acid; GPCR—G-protein-coupled receptors.

Organ Bacteria ILC Subgroup Cytokines and Involved Signaling Pathways Effect on Host References
Intestine Citrobacter rodentium ILC1 Activation: ? [39,40]
Production: TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12 protective
ILC3 Activation: MHCII; GPCR (Ffar2, GPR183); Ahr; VitA/RA; CXCL16/CXCR6 [60,61,72,73,77,78,79,80,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,93,94,95,96,97]
Production: IL-22 protective
Clostridium difficile ILC1 Activation: ? [43]
Production: IFN-γ protective
ILC2 Activation: IL-33 [57]
Production: ? protective
ILC3 Activation: IL-1β [43,105]
Production: IL-22 protective
Salmonella typhimurium ILC1 Activation: IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-1β [36,45,48]
Production: IFN-γ protective
ILC3 Inhibition: VitA/RA harmful [71,88,106,107,108,110]
Activation: ?
Production: IL-22 protective
Stomach Helicobacter pylori ILC2 Activation: IL-33, IL-7 [56,58]
Production: IL-5 protective
Lung Klebsiella pneumoniae NK Activation: type I IFNs [120]
Production: IFN-γ protective
ILC3 Activation: ? [119,137]
Production: IL-17 protective
Streptococcus pneumoniae ILC2 Activation: ? [116]
Production: IL-13 harmful
ILC3 Activation: ? [131,132,133,134]
Production: IL-22 protective
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ILC3 Activation: ? [135,136]
Production: IL-17, IL-22 protective
Bordetella pertussis NK Activation: IL-18 [123,124,125]
Production: IFN-γ protective
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ILC3 Activation: CXCL13/CXCR5 [140,141]
Production IL-22, IL-17 protective
Skin Staphylococcus aureus ILC2 Activation: TSLP; CD1a [147]
Production: ? harmful