Table 1.

Participation of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subgroups in bacterial infection defense. Abbreviations: MHCII—major histocompatibility complex class II; VitA—Vitamin A/retinol; RA—retinoic acid; GPCR—G-protein-coupled receptors.

Organ	Bacteria	ILC Subgroup	Cytokines and Involved Signaling Pathways		Effect on Host	References
Intestine	Citrobacter rodentium	ILC1	Activation:	?		[39,40]
			Production:	TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12	protective
		ILC3	Activation:	MHCII; GPCR (Ffar2, GPR183); Ahr; VitA/RA; CXCL16/CXCR6		[60,61,72,73,77,78,79,80,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,93,94,95,96,97]
			Production:	IL-22	protective
	Clostridium difficile	ILC1	Activation:	?		[43]
			Production:	IFN-γ	protective
		ILC2	Activation:	IL-33		[57]
			Production:	?	protective
		ILC3	Activation:	IL-1β		[43,105]
			Production:	IL-22	protective
	Salmonella typhimurium	ILC1	Activation:	IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-1β		[36,45,48]
			Production:	IFN-γ	protective
		ILC3	Inhibition:	VitA/RA	harmful	[71,88,106,107,108,110]
			Activation:	?
			Production:	IL-22	protective
Stomach	Helicobacter pylori	ILC2	Activation:	IL-33, IL-7		[56,58]
			Production:	IL-5	protective
Lung	Klebsiella pneumoniae	NK	Activation:	type I IFNs		[120]
			Production:	IFN-γ	protective
		ILC3	Activation:	?		[119,137]
			Production:	IL-17	protective
	Streptococcus pneumoniae	ILC2	Activation:	?		[116]
			Production:	IL-13	harmful
		ILC3	Activation:	?		[131,132,133,134]
			Production:	IL-22	protective
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	ILC3	Activation:	?		[135,136]
			Production:	IL-17, IL-22	protective
	Bordetella pertussis	NK	Activation:	IL-18		[123,124,125]
			Production:	IFN-γ	protective
	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	ILC3	Activation:	CXCL13/CXCR5		[140,141]
			Production	IL-22, IL-17	protective
Skin	Staphylococcus aureus	ILC2	Activation:	TSLP; CD1a		[147]
			Production:	?	harmful