Table 2.
Examples of oncolytic virotherapies approved or in clinical trials.
| Oncolytic Virus | Genetic Modification | Treated Cancer | Clinical State | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wild-Type Virus | ||||
| RIGVIR® (wild-type ECHO-7; (+)ssRNA virus) | – | Melanoma | Approved in Lativa in 2004 | [471] |
| Reolysin® (pelareorep, type 3 Dearing (T3D) strain reovirus; dsRNA virus) | – | Many advanced malignancies (e.g., melanoma, sarcomas, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma) | Phase I and II | [457,472,473] |
| Advanced, metastatic head and neck cancer | Phase III | [472] | ||
| Oncolytic Adenovirus (dsDNA virus) | ||||
| Oncorine® (rAdV H101) | Deletion in E1B-55K and E3 genes | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Approved in China in 2005 | [474,475] |
| CG0070 (AdV-5) | Deletion in E3 gene; insertion of GM-CSF gene | Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer | Phase II/III (BOND, NCT01438112); phase II (BOND2, NCT02365818) | [456,476] |
| Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus, HSV-1 (dsDNA virus) | ||||
| T-Vec (talminogene laherparepvec) | Deletion in ICP34.5 and ICP47 genes; insertion of GM-CSF gene | Advanced melanoma | Approved by FDA and EMA in 2015 | [477,478] |
| M032 | Deletion in ICP34.5 gene; insertion of IL-12 gene | Glioblastoma multiforme | Phase I | [479] |
| G47Δ | Deletion in ICP34.5, ICP47 and ICP6 genes; insertion of GM-CSF gene | Recurrent glioblastoma, castration resistant prostate cancer, recurrent olfactory neuroblastoma | Clinical trials in Japan | [456,480,481] |
| Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus (dsDNA virus) | ||||
| Pexa-Vec (JX-594, pexastimogene devacirepvec) | Mutation in TK gene; insertion of GM-CSF gene | Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma | Phase III (in combination with sorafenib) | [482] |