Early liver injury and inflammatory mediator production after LPS/ICS Ⅱ cotreatment. (A)–(D) WT and Nlrp3−/− female C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with LPS (2 mg/kg) through the tail vein. Two hours later, intraperitoneal ICS Ⅱ (50 mg/kg, n = 6) injection was conducted. Six hours after ICS Ⅱ injection, serum levels of ALT (A), AST (B), IL-1β (C), TNF-α (D) were measured by assay kit. (E) Caspase-1 activity in the livers was detected after BCA protein quantification and normalization processing. H&E staining (G) and TUNEL staining (F) were conducted to observe liver injury and TUNEL positive. Data are means ± EM; ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs. the control; ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001. Scale bar: 100 μm.