| fibroblasts (mouse, NIH 3T3) |
gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen blend |
fibroblast/gel layers + keratinocyte
layer |
n/a |
piston-driven |
fibrobalst/gel layers deposited, then
immersed in CaCl2/thrombin to cross-link |
rapid 5 mm thick |
(205) |
| primary dermal fibroblasts (human) |
|
|
|
|
keratinocytes deposited on top |
scaffold-free construct |
|
| primary epidermal keratinocytes (human) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| primary fibroblasts (human) |
plasma-derived fibrin matrix |
fibroblast/gel layers + keratinocyte
layer |
n/a |
piston-driven |
fibroblast/fibrinogen/CaCl2 mixed and deposited |
in situ mixing |
(206) |
| primary keratinocytes (human) |
|
|
|
|
keratinocytes in medium deposited
on top |
rapid keratinocyte/fibroblast assembly |
|
| fibroblast cell line (human) |
collagen type I |
collagen layer + fibroblast
cell layer + keratinocyte cell layer |
n/a |
drop on demand |
print acidic collagen (pH 4.5) nebulize neutralizer to cross-link |
gels and cells printed separately |
(203) |
| immortalized keratinocytes (human) |
|
|
|
|
deposit cells in medium |
comparison of printed vs manual layer assembly |
|
| NIH 3t3 fibroblast (mouse) |
collagen type I |
matriderm substrate + fibroblast/gel layers + keratinocyte/gel layers |
n/a |
laser-assisted |
cell-laden
collagen pre-cross-linked |
in vivo wound
bed integration |
(36) |
| immortalized keratinocyte (human) |
|
|
|
|
20 layers of each cell/gel combination |
|
|
| NIH 3t3 fibroblast (mouse) |
collagen type I |
matriderm substrate + fibroblast/gel layers + keratinocyte/gel layers |
n/a |
laser-assisted |
cell-laden
collagen pre-cross-linked |
laminin staining shows beginning
of basal membrane formation |
(204) |
| immortalized keratinocyte
(human) |
alginate/human plasma blend |
|
|
|
20 layers of each cell/gel combination |
|
|
| amniotic fluid-derived
PSCs (human) |
fibrin/collagen type I |
amniotic PSCs/fibrin/collagen |
n/a |
pressure-assisted |
cross-linking by thrombin solution sequential application before
and after cell/gell layers |
cell/gel deposition directly in vivo
|
(208) |
| bone mesenchymal stromal
cells (MSCs) (human) |
|
MSCs/fibrin/collagen |
|
|
|
|
|
| amniotic PSCs |
hyaluronic
acid (HA)/gelatin/PEG |
single-layer amniotic PSCs/HA/gelatin/PEG |
0.2 to 2 kPa (Shear) |
pressure-assisted |
simultaneous deposition/thiolene-thiol + Irgacure 2959 |
in situ in vivo deposition |
(209) |
| |
|
|
|
|
UV cross-linking |
protective bandage during healing |
|
| keratinocytes (human) |
PVP ink |
keratinocyte/PVP + melanocyte/PVP
layer on |
n/a |
drop on demand |
fibroblast/collagen/PVP dermal construct |
melanocyte incorporation |
(212, 226) |
| melanocytes
(human) |
PVP ink/collagen type I |
fibroblast/PVP/collagen |
|
|
keratinocytes + melanocytes
printed on top |
structurally graded dermal layer |
|
| fibroblasts (human) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| neonatal dermal fibroblasts
(human) |
gelatin, fibrinogen, collagen I, elastin |
dermal fibroblasts + hydrogel
(dermis) |
|
piston-assisted |
multiple layers printer for the dermis |
constructs with
low stability when printed in well plates |
(207) |
| neonatal epithelial keratinocytes (human) |
|
laminin/entactin (basement membrane) |
|
droplet on demand |
coating of the dermis with DoD with
basement membrane |
permeability test shows that tight
junctions are formed |
|
| |
|
keratinocytes (epidermis) |
|
|
automatic dispensing of epidermis cells in the
central region
of construct |
|
|
