| flat bone (calvaria) |
hMSCs |
collagen I and nano-HAp |
disk and ring,
droplet based |
n/a |
laser-assisted bioprinting |
direct deposition
on bone deffects |
in vivo rat calvaria
model showing bone formation |
(407, 409, 410) |
| flat bone (mandible and calvarial) |
human amniotic PSCs |
gelatin, fibrinogen, HA,
gycerol |
90 deg pattern grid |
n/a |
ITOP, pressure-based, thermally
assisted multimaterial printing |
simultaneous printing
of cell-laden hydrogels and support material |
in vitro mandible and in vivo in a rat
calvarial model |
(377) |
| long bone |
HUVECs
and hMSCs |
VEGF-loaded GelMa and VEGF-loaded GelMa with
silicate nanoparticles |
radially stuck cylinders; gradient
composition |
n/a |
extrusion-based bioprinting |
printing of already
photo-cross-linked hydrogels |
in vitro sacrificial inner core to promote
vascularization |
(388) |
| endochondral bone |
hMSCs aggregates |
silk and gelatin |
90
deg pattern grid |
n/a |
pressure-based bioprinting |
n/a |
in vitro developmental approach |
(411) |
