Table 6. Examples of Bioprinted Studies Where Blood Vessels Were Developed.

tissue	cells	composition	structure	mechanical properties	method	sequence	comments	ref
vessels	human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells	cell spheroids; agarose as a mold	branched vessels	n/a	pressure-driven extrusion	vascular spheroids deposited onto an agarose supporting template, thus facilitating spheroid fusion	in vitro	(302)
vessels	HUVECs and human aortic smooth muscle cells	cell spheroids; alginate as a mold	vessel segments	n/a	pressure-driven extrusion	vascular spheroids deposited onto an alginate supporting template	in vitro	(416)
vessels	mouse embryonic fibroblasts	cell spheroids; agarose as a mold	vessel anatomical segments	n/a	pressure-driven extrusion	vascular spheroids deposited onto an agarose supporting template	in vitro	(417)
vessels	HUVECs	matrigel, fibrin, collagen, gelatin, agarose, pluronic, alginate, and alginate/gelatin	no structure; cell–material interactions	n/a	inkjet	different cell-laden hydrogels (i.e., bioinks) screened to assess best formulations to maintain cell viability and promote tubular formation	in vitro	(419)
vessels	HUVECs ad human dermal fibroblasts	agaorse; collagen type I; fibrin	capillaries	from ∼150 Pa to ∼1.5 KPa	pressure-driven microvalve inkjet	bioinks screened for enhanced tubular formation	in vitro	(420)
vessels	HUVECs, human umbilical aortic smooth muscle cells, human dermal fibroblasts	fibrin and collagen type I	small vessels and capillaries	from 0.6 to 6 kPa	electromagnetic microvalve inkjet	sequential bioprinting followed by fibroblast casting to replicate the tunica intima, media, and adventitia organization of mature large blood vessels	in vitro	(421)
vessels	mouse fibroblasts	tetra(PEG) tetra-acrylate derivatives with thiolated HA and gelatin	vesssel segment	from ∼100 Pa to ∼800 Pa	presure-driven extrusion	bioprinting of cell-laden filaments onto an alginate supporting template	in vitro	(422)
capillaries	human dermal fibroblasts	α,ω-poly(tetrahydrofuran-ether diacrylate)	bifurcating small vessels	from 8 MPa to 27.5 MPa	photopolymerization	fabrication of small-sized vessels seeded with cells	in vitro	(423)
vascularized heart patch	HUVECs and hiPSCs-derived CMs	alginate and PEG-fibrinogen	small vessels to vascularize a heart tissue engineered construct	n/a	microfluidic bioprinting	alternating bioprinting of CMs and HUVECs to study the most optimal configuration for vascularization of a cardiac-like tissue construct	in vitro and in vivo	(167)
vascularized bone	HUVECs and hMSCs	GelMA; silica nanoplates	capillary network and central vessel to vascularize a bone tissue engineered construct	∼6 kPa	pressure-driven extrusion	HUVECs and hMSCs were encapsulated in gelMA for bioprinting; different degree of methacryloyl substitution of gelMA with different degradation rate induced HUVECs to remodel the gel and form a central vessel into the surrounding bone-like constructs	in vitro	(388)
vessels	mouse fibroblasts, human ECs, hepatocytes	collagen and alginate	vessel segments of complex shapes	from ∼0.1 kPa to ∼1 kPa	pressure-driven extrusion	customization of bioprinting cartridges; cell-laden hydrogels were inserted in different compartments of the cartridges for complex construct bioprinting	in vitro	(424)
vascular network	HUVECs, rat hepatocytes	agarose, alginate, PEGDA, fibrin, matrigel, PDMS	vascular network to vascularize tissue-engineered constructs	n/a	pressure-driven extrusion (through template leaching)	carbohydrate filaments are first deposited; a cell-laden hydrogel is casted on top of them. Filaments are leached, allowing the formation of hollow tubes, which are seeded with HUVECs	in vitro and in vivo	(425, 426)
vascular network	HUVECs, human neonatal and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, hMSCs	GelMA, fibrin, pluronic F-127	vascular network to vascularize tissue-engineered constructs	∼10 kPa	pressure-driven extrusion	instead of carbohydrate filaments, pluronic filaments were used for template leaching	in vitro	(317, 427)
vascular network	HUVEC, human neonatal fibroblasts, human aortic smooth muscle cells, breast cancer cells	dECM, pluronic F-127	vascular network to vascularize tissue-engineered constructs	from ∼250 kPa to ∼850 kPa	pressure-driven extrusion	instead of carbohydrate filaments, pluronic filaments were used for template leaching	in vitro	(428)
vascular network	HUVECs, mouse osteoblasts	agarose, GelMA, star poly(ethylene glycol-co-lactide) acrylate, PEGDMA, PEGDA	vascular network to vascularize tissue engineered constructs	from ∼10 kPa to ∼200 kPa	pressure-driven extrusion	instead of carbohydrate filaments or pluronic, agarose was used	in vitro	(318)
vascular network	human hepatocytes	PVA, PLA, gelatin	vascular network to vascularize tissue-engineered constructs	from 2 to 6.5 kPa	pressure-driven extrusion	instead of carbohydrate filaments, PVA was used	in vitro	(429)
vascular network	HUVECs	hyaluronic acid	vascular network to vascularize tissue-engineered constructs	n/a	pressure-driven extrusion	host–guest chemistry used to create cell-laden hydrogels that can be bioprinted gel-in-a-gel.	in vitro
vascular network	human dermal microvascular ECs	alginate, chitosan, gellan cum, gelatin, collagen	vascular network to vascularize tissue-engineered constructs	from ∼1 MPa to ∼3.5 MPa	pressure-driven extrusion	coaxial bioprinting used to directly deliver ECs and create a lumen	in vitro	(430)
vascular network	HUVECs, hMSCs, human urothelial cells, bladder smooth muscle cells	GelMA, alginate, PEGTA	vascular network to vascularize tissue-engineered constructs	from ∼4 kPa to ∼50 kPa	pressure-driven microfluidic extrusion	coaxial bioprinting used to create more intricate geometries, possible thanks to microfluidic bioprinting	in vitro	(431, 432)
vascular network	HUVECs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts	GelMA, HA	vascular network to vascularize tissue-engineered constructs	from ∼3 kPa to ∼6 kPa	photopolymerization	branched networks created by photoprinting, after which cells were seeded	in vitro and in vivo	(433)
vascular constructs	human red blood cells; HEK293T; hMSCs; human lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts; HUVECs; rat primary hepatocytes	PEGDA, GelMA	vascular networks to vascularized tissue-engineered constructs	from ∼100 Pa to ∼10 kPa	photopolymerization	complex vascular networks created through photoprinting and then seeded with cells or perfused with red blood cells	in vitro and in vivo	(55)