| proximal tubule (tubular in vitro model) |
human-immortalized PTECs |
gelatin–fibrin |
convoluted tubule on a PDMS printed chamber |
n/a |
pressure-driven |
printing
of PDMS chamber; cast one-layer hydrogel; print pluronic
fiber; cast second layer of hydrogels; leach pluronic to form tube;
culture cells inside tube |
in vitro model
cultured with perfusion during
65 days; drug tests were performed with cyclosporine A (know nephrotoxin) |
(469) |
| proximal tubule (tubular in vitro model) |
human immortalized PTECs |
gelatin–fibrin |
adjacent convoluted tubules on a PDMS printed chamber |
n/a |
pressure-driven |
printing of PDMS chamber, printing (pluronic) or two parallel
channels, cast gelatin and fibrin gel, removal of sacrificial material,
perfusion of PTECs, and glomerular microvascular ECs |
sacrificial 3D printing, Reabsorption of albumin |
(470) |
| renal organoids (perfusable chamber) |
vascular bed with
HUVECs and human neonatal dermal fibroblasts;
ESC-derived renal organoids |
gelatin–fibrin |
PDMS-printed perfusable chamber |
n/a |
pressure-driven |
printing
of PDMS chamber, formation of prevascular bed in fibrin,
manual seeding of organoids, perfusion |
maturation and
vascularization were observed when perfusion
was applied |
(471) |
| proximal tubule (layered in vitro model) |
HUVEC, primary human RPTEC,
and renal fibroblasts |
thermoresponsive NovoGel |
layered construct (one layer of interstitium with a second
layer to create a border) |
n/a |
piston-driven |
fibroblasts and HUVEC (50:50) were combined with hydrogel and printed in transwell and matured
for 3 days; RPTEC were added on top
of bioprinted construct |
in vitro culture
up to 30 days; toxicity studies
performed with cisplastin |
(472, 478) |
| urethra |
rabbit urothelial cells (UCs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) |
PCL, PLCL fibrinogen, gelatin, and HA |
concentric
tubular construct; outer layers with urothelial
cells bioink; middle later of PCL or PLCL with inner layers with smooth
muscle cells bioink |
Tensile stress ∼0.1–1 MPa; Young modulus ∼0.8–1.25 MPa |
pressure-driven |
SMCs: 10–20 M/mL; UCs: 5–10 M/mL; first thermoplastic was printed (4 layers in Z); the inner
layers with UCs were printed; 3 layers of SMCs were printed on the outside |
in vitro culture up to 7 days post printing |
(476) |
