| liver (in vitro model) |
human hepatic
stellate cells (HSCs), HUVECs, and human hepatocytes |
NovoGel |
square construct |
n/a |
piston-driven |
150
million cells/mL; compartmentalized parenchymal and nonparenchymal
bioinks |
in vitro maturation for 3 days post printing; toxicity screening during 28 days |
(480) |
| liver (on-a-chip model) |
HepG2 |
GelMA |
7 × 7 droplet
array with
an 800 μm droplet diameter |
5 kPa |
piston-driven |
spheroids were formed
by fusion in PDMS mold during 5 days, mixed with GelMA, 7 × 7; droplet array was formed by bioprinting and post
cross-linked with UV (850 mW, 15 s) |
in vitro culture up to 6 days |
(481) |
| liver (patch) |
HepG2 |
alginate |
scaffolds with 25 × 25 mm; 0/90° layer deposition |
n/a |
pressure-driven |
CaCl2 post
cross-linking |
in vitro |
(482) |
| liver (in vitro model) |
hiPSCs
and hESCs |
alginate |
ring structures with
40 layers |
n/a |
electromagnetic DOD printing |
10 million cells/mL
at day 6 differentiation; CaCl2 cross-linking and BaCl2 post cross-linking |
in vitro culture during 21 days with differentiation
protocol |
(484) |
| liver (organ-on-a-chip) |
HepG2 and HUVEC |
PCL collagen (for HepG2)
and gelatin (HUVEC) |
different layered arrangements were
bioprinted with bioinks
inside a PCL casing |
n/a |
pressure-driven printing |
50k cells/mL (HUVEC); 20 M cells/mL (HepG2) |
in vitro culture during 6 days with or without
perfusion |
(483) |
| liver (in vitro model) |
hiPSCs-derived Hepatic progenitor cells, HUVEC
and ADSCs |
GelMA and glycidal methacrylated HA |
200 μm thickness |
∼5 kPa stiffness |
sterelithography |
40 M cells/mL (iPSCs-derived);
40 M cells/ml (HUVEC) and 0.8 M cells/ml (ADSCs). Two step:a) cross-linking
with mask iPSCs-derived bioink. Replacement of non cross-linked areas
with bioink cointaining HUVEC and ADSCs and cross-link with UV (88 mW/cm2) |
in vitro culture
10 days post printing |
(34) |
| liver (In vitro model) |
primary human hepatocytes, stellate, and Kupffer
cells |
decellularized liver ECM, HA, and gelatin |
7 × 7 mm meander layer |
100 Pa before cross-linking and 100 Pa–20 kPa after
UV cross-linking |
pressure-driven |
cell
spheroids were formed during 3 days in hanging drops, mixed with hydrogels to allow thiol–acrylate
bond precross-linking before printing, secondary cross-linking with
UV (18 W/cm2, 2–4 s) |
in vitro culture during 14 days |
(486) |
