Effect of melatonin treatment on the respiratory states in isolated mitochondria from renal tissue. (A) The upper panel shows the state 3 (oxygen flux while producing ATP in response to ADP pulses in the presence of substrates). (B) The lower panel documents the state 4 or leak respiration (oxygen flux in the absence of ATP synthesis). Glutamate/malate was used as respiratory substrates. Values are the means ± S.E.M. ZL, Zücker lean rats (n = 8); ZL-M (ZL – melatonin treated) (n = 8), ZDF, Zücker diabetic fatty rats (n = 8), and Zücker diabetic fatty-M (ZDF- melatonin treated) (n = 8) rats, after 16 weeks of treatment. (*** p < 0.001, * p < 0.05 M-ZDF compared with C-ZDF, and M-ZL compared with C-ZL rats; ##
p < 0.01 C-ZDF compared with C-ZL rats).