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. 2020 Sep 2;26(11):1121–1133. doi: 10.1111/cns.13447

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© 2020 The Authors. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The effects of muscimol and gabazine in the vPAG on the LORR and RORR times of isoflurane anesthesia. A, Timelines of isoflurane anesthesia‐related behavioral tests measuring induction time (LORR) and emergence time (RORR). Rats received a microinjection of saline and GABA_AR agonist/antagonist, respectively. B, Schematic of cannula sites confirmed from the rat brain atlas (Paxinos & Watson, 2007). The orange dots represent infusion sites within the vPAG. C, Representative slice showing the microinjection position (yellow circle) located in the vPAG. D, E, Microinjection of muscimol shortened the induction time and prolonged the emergence time of isoflurane anesthesia, compared to the control microinjection of saline. Microinjection of gabazine postponed the induction and significantly accelerated the emergence time of isoflurane anesthesia (*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .0001; n = 10 per group)