Figure 2.

Molecular mechanisms by which ligand-activated PPARγ influences cell cycle and exerts proapoptotic effects in breast cancer cells. PPARγ ligands trans repressing the cyclin D1 promoter activity reduce its expression thereby inducing cell cycle arrest. Moreover, ligand activated PPARγ transactivates promoter gene p53 and enhances p53 protein expression and its target gene p21 triggering the intrinsic apoptotic pathways. In addition, PPARγ ligands upregulate the expression of syndecan-1 (SDC-1), inducing apoptosis. PPARγ ligands also trigger extrinsic apoptosis through activation of FAS ligand (FASL) gene promoter activity.