. 2020 Aug 30;8(9):1324. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8091324

Table 1.

Influence of fermentation by different Lactobacillus strains on phenolic components of African nightshade (Solanum retroflexum) leaves.

				LAB Strain
Phenolic acids (mg/kg)		RT (min)	Raw leaves	17a	56	64	21	75
Gallic acid	C₇H₆OH₅	6.78	162.8 ± 1.1 ^d	178.0 ± 1.3 ^c	150.5 ± 1.09 ^e	171.5 ± 1.4 ^cd	210.0 ± 1.7 ^b	281.0 ± 1.2 ^a
Caffeic acid	C₉H₈O₄	20.55	360.5 ± 1.4 ^b	294 ± 0.98 ^c	77.5 ± 0.21 ^d	2145 ± 1.4 ^a	395 ± 1.9 ^b	nd
Vanillic acid	C₈H₈O₄	18.70	403.0 ± 0.5 ^b	343 ± 2.3 ^c	21.0 ± 1.7 ^e	383.5 ± 0.67 ^b	245 ± 0.98 ^d	1352.0 ± 1.23 ^a
2,5 Dihydroxybenzoic acid	C₇H₆O₄	14.50	1593 ± 1.5 ^c	2406 ± 0.7 ^b	489 ± 1.8^f	1003.3 ± 2.2 ^e	1267 ± 1.2 ^d	2827.5 ± 1.4 ^a
p-Coumaric acid	C₉H₈O₃	49.37	1115 ± 0.76 ^d	1269.5 ± 1.8 ^c	929 ± 1.8 ^e	1387.0 ± 1.5 ^b	980.5 ± 2.1 ^e	1577 ± 0.56 ^a
Ferulic acid	C₁₀H₁₀O₄	20.61	1321 ± 9.8 ^d	2343.0 ± 1.2 ^a	1030 ± 1.6 ^e	2000 ± 1.9 ^b	1487 ± 1.6 ^c	nd
Ellagic acid	C₁₄H₆O₈	12.3	nd	nd	113.0 ± 1.4 ^c	nd	191.0 ± 1.6 ^b	453.5 ± 1.8 ^a
Total phenolic acids			4955.3 ± 1.23 ^d	6833.5 ± 1.41 ^b	2810 ± 1.12 ^e	7090.3 ± 1.70 ^a	4775.5 ± 1.63 ^d	6491 ± 1.16 ^c
Flavonoids (mg/kg)
Catechin	C₁₅H₁₄O₆	12.75	726.5 ± 2.5 ^b	658.5 ± 1.3 ^cd	574.5 ± 0.78 ^d	669 ± 1.3 ^bc	602.0 ± 0.45 ^c	1322.0 ± 1.7 ^a
Quercetin	C₁₅H₁₀O₇	62.34	326.0 ± 1.4 ^d	498.5 ± 1.8 ^b	438.0 ± 1.7 ^c	116.0 ± 1.4^f	304.0 ± 1.1 ^e	582.5 ± 1.7 ^a
Luteolin	C₁₅H₁₀O₆	20.00	nd	256 ± 1.5 ^a	nd	141.5 ± 2.1 ^c	nd	242.5 ± 2.4 ^b
Total flavonoids			1052.5 ± 1.21 ^c	1413.0 ± 1.83 ^b	1012.5 ± 1.62 ^c	926.5 ± 0.95 ^d	906.0 ± 1.86 ^d	2147.0 ± 1.40 ^a
Total polyphenol content			6007.8 ± 1.34 ^c	8246.5 ± 1.50 ^b	3822.5 ± 1.75 ^d	8016.8 ^b	5681.5 ^c	8638 ± 1.69 ^a

Each value represents the mean value of five replicate samples. Means followed by the same letter within the row for a specific parameter are not significantly different (p < 0.05); nd-not detected.