Table 1.
Results of the Outcome Measures Related to the Type of Intervention.a
| Motor symptoms | Balance outcomes |
Gait outcomes |
Quality-of-life outcomes |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (MDS-) UPDRS | TUG | BBS | 6MWT | 10MWT | Gait speed | Stride length | Cadence | PDQ-39 | |
| Conventional PT (n = 45) | 0.48 [0.35, 0.60]**
n = 26 |
0.11 [−0.07, 0.29] n = 14 |
0.03 [−0.25, 0.31] n = 3 |
0.13 [−0.01, 0.28] n = 6 |
0.30 [0.01, 0.59] n = 56** |
0.24 [0.03, 0.45] n = 11 |
0.28 [−0.11, 0.67] n = 4 |
0.52 [0.11, 0.92] n = 4** |
0.11 [0.01, 0.22] n = 17* |
| Resistance training (n = 17) | 0.20 [−0.02, 0.42] n = 7 |
0.19 [−0.05, 0.43] n = 6 |
0.31 [−0.47, 1.09] n = 1 |
0.67 [0.09, 1.24] n = 2* |
−0.07[−0.30, 0.16] n = 6 |
−0.63 [−1.20, −0.06] n = 2 |
0.23 [0.01, 0.43] n = 7 |
||
| Treadmill training (n = 32) | 0.10 [−0.09, 0.29] n = 16 |
0.07 [−0.19, 0.34] n = 8 |
0.21 [−0.13, 0.55] n = 5 |
0.29 [0.04, 0.55]*
n = 9 |
0.47 [0.08, 0.85] n = 4* |
0.52 [0.34, 0.69] n = 23** |
0.20 [− 0.04, 0.44] n = 12 |
0.12 [−0.15, 0.39] n = 9 |
−0.06 [−0.49, 0.36] n = 4 |
| Strategy training (n = 14) | 0.43 [−0.32, 1.18] n = 1 |
0.53 [0.23, 0.82] n = 6** |
0.12 [−0.43, 0.68] n=1 |
−0.02 [−0.90, 0.85] n = 1 |
−0.04 [−0.60, 0.51] n = 1 |
0.45 [0.13, 0.76] n = 6** |
0.52 [0.11, 0.93] n = 4 |
0.47 [−0.01, 0.95] n = 3 |
0.17 [−0.34, 0.67] n = 2 |
| Dance (n = 11) | 0.72 [0.44, 1.01] n = 8** |
0.49 [0.19, 0.80] n = 8** |
0.59 [0.27, 0.91] n = 7** |
0.51 [0.10, 0.91] n = 4* |
0.32 [−0.02, 0.66] n = 6 |
0.11 [− 0.36, 0.58] n = 3 |
1.33 [0.31, 2.34] n = 1* |
−0.13 [−0.63, 0.38] n = 3 |
|
| Martial arts (n = 11) | 0.26 [0.08, 0.43] n = 10* |
0.56 [0.36, 0.77] n = 7** |
0.24 [−0.02, 0.49] n = 4 |
0.20 [−0.15, 0.55] n = 3 |
0.29 [0.07, 0.52] n = 6* |
0.32 [0.07, 0.56] n = 3* |
−0.09 [−0.66, 0.47] n = 2 |
||
| Nordic walking (n = 3) | 0.74 [0.24, 1.24] n = 3** |
0.55 [0.06, 1.04] n = 3* |
0.99 [0.48, 1.50] n = 3** |
0.94 [0.28, 1.60] n = 2* |
0.37 [−0.15, 0.90] n = 2 |
0.46 [−0.18, 1.11] n = 1 |
|||
| Aerobic exercises (n = 5) | 0.92 [0.61, 1.22] n = 4** |
0.80 [0.44, 1.15] n = 1** |
[−0.81, 0.83] n = 1 |
1.02 [0.69, 1.34] n = 3** |
0.20 [−0.11, 0.52] n = 2 |
||||
| Balance and gait training (n = 28) | 0.34 [0.11, 0.56] n = 12* |
0.36 [0.15, 0.58] n = 11** |
0.57 [0.35, 0.79] n = 12** |
−0.12 [−0.48, 0.23] n = 4 |
0.15 [−0.56, 0.85] n = 2 |
0.28 [0.12, 0.44] n = 17** |
0.36 [0.12, 0.59] n = 10* |
0.24 [−0.01, 0.48] n = 8 |
0.28 [−0.04, 0.60] n = 6 |
| Hydrotherapy (n = 8) | −0.11 [−0.41, 0.19] n = 5 |
0.50 [0.25, 0.75] n = 8** |
0.31 [0.04, 0.59] n = 7 |
0.39 [−0.01, 0.79] n = 3 |
|||||
| Dual task (n = 3) | −0.18 [−0.79, 0.42] n = 2 |
−0.36 [−1.39, 0.66] n = 1 |
−0.25 [−0.85, 0.34] n = 2 |
−0.08 [−0.46, 0.30] n = 1 |
−0.29 [−0.65, 0.07] n = 2 |
−0.04 [−0.78, 0.71] n = 1 |
|||
| Exergaming (n = 9) | 0.58 [0.29, 0.87] n = 7** |
0.47 [0.17, 0.77] n = 6* |
0.23 [−0.20, 0.67] n = 3 |
−1.66 [−2.84, −0.48] n = 1* |
0.30 [−0.02, 0.62] n = 4 |
0.77 [−0.07, 1.60] n = 1 |
0.45 [0.13, 0.77] n = 4* |
||
Abbreviations: n, number of included studies; PT, physiotherapy; (MDS-)UPDRS-III, Movement Disorder Society–sponsored revision of the) Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III; TUG, Timed Up and Go; BBS, Berg Balance Scale; 6MWT, 6-Minute Walking Test; 10MWT, 10-Minute Walking Test; PDQ-39, Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire–39; PDQL, Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire.
Data are presented as standardized mean difference [95% CI]. Positive effect estimates mean positive results on each outcome measure. Red cells indicate small significant effect (≤0.2), orange cells indicate moderate significant effect (0.2-0.5), light green cells indicate moderately large significant effect (0.5-0.8), and dark green cells indicate large significant effect (≥0.8).
Statistically significant effect, P ≤ .05.
Statistically significant effect, P ≤ .001.