Table 2.
The biochemical and molecular parameters (mean ± SD) of control and experimental groups.
| Group I (-ve Control) | Group II (+ve Control, ALA) | Group III (VPA Treated) | Group IV (VPA + ALA Treated) | ANOVA p Value | Tukey’s Test p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MDA (nmol/g tissue) | 9.49 ± 1.04 | 7.78 ± 0.33 | 23.87 ± 3.29 | 10.47 ± 0.54 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.34, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.76, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
| TAC (mmol/L) | 978.5 ± 33.3 | 996.8 ± 24.2 | 355.9 ± 33.9 | 1030.3 ± 54.5 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.85, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.12, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
| GSH (μmol/mL) | 156.2 ± 20.2 | 174.1 ± 20.2 | 50.7 ± 12.2 | 169.4 ± 11.5 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.27, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.96, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
| Catalase (U/mL) | 552.6 ± 46.9 | 595.1 ± 55.6 | 403.2 ± 43.7 | 545.1 ± 25.4 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.37, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.24, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
| SOD (U/mL) | 86.8 ± 7.2 | 94.1 ± 5.3 | 68.4 ± 16.7 | 80.4 ± 10.7 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.45, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.55, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
| Nrf2 gene expression (2−∆∆CT) Mean ± SD | 1.00 ± 0.10 | 1.00 ± 0.11 | 0.53 ± 0.08 | 0.85 ± 0.13 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.36, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.16, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
| Caspase-3 gene expression (2−∆∆CT) Mean ± SD | 1.00 ± 0.09 | 1.1 ± 0.21 | 2.8 ± 0.31 | 2.3 ± 0.16 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.54, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.05*, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
| Bcl-2 gene expression (2−∆∆CT) Mean ± SD | 1.00 ± 0.10 | 1.08 ± 0.24 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.11 | ˂0.001 * | P1 = 0.43, P2 ˂ 0.001 *, P3 = 0.21, P4 ˂ 0.001 * |
P1: ALA treated group (II) versus control group (I), P2: VPA treated group (III) versus control group (I), P3: VPA plus ALA treated group (IV) versus control group (I), P4: VPA treated group (III) versus VPA plus ALA treated group (IV), * means significant.