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. 2020 Aug 30;9(9):1995. doi: 10.3390/cells9091995

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Evaluation of osteogenic differentiation of human osteoblasts following electrical stimulation [ES] with 60 kHz and either 100 mV_RMS or 1 V_RMS. Relative gene expression of osteogenic markers for bone formation: (A) collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), (B) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and (C) osteocalcin (OC). Gene expression levels of osteogenic marker were determined via semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results are presented as boxplots of the percentage of 2^(−ΔΔCt) related to untreated controls (n ≥ 24). (D) Synthesis rates of osteogenic markers procollagen type 1 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The release of type I C-terminal collagen propeptide in the cell culture supernatant was determined using ELISA and related to the total protein concentration. The ALP activity was determined colorimetrically by the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Results are presented as box plots related to untreated controls (n ≥ 15). * p < 0.05 compared to the untreated controls (Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test).