Table 2.

A summary of the biostimulatory actions of algal extracts application on morpho-anatomical, biochemical, and physiological performance of plants under salinity. APX: ascorbate peroxidase, CAT: catalase, GR: glutathione reductase, POD: peroxidase, SOD: superoxide dismutase.

Algae Species	Plant Species	Described Tolerance Mechanisms	Ref.
Ascophyllum nodosum	Agrostis stolonifera	Increase of SOD activity and resistance to Sclerotinia homoeocarpa.	[110]
Ascophyllum nodosum	Amarantus tricolor	Increased growth parameters (stem length and diameter, root length, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems and roots).	[111]
Ascophyllum nodosum	Arabidopsis thaliana	Increase of biomass and polyphenols content.	[112]
Ascophyllum nodosum	Asparagus aethiopicus	Increase of phenolics, chlorophylls, sugars, proline, anti-oxidant activities, gas exchanges.	[113]
Ascophyllum nodosum	Lactuca sativa	Increase of weight.	[114]
Ascophyllum nodosum	Paspalum vaginatum	Increase of ability of plants to maintain higher potassium to sodium ratios.	[115]
Ascophyllum nodosum	Passiflora edulis	Increase of the initial growth of the seedlings.	[116]
Ascophyllum nodosum	Persea americana	Increase of plant growth, potassium, and calcium in leaves.	[117]
Ascophyllum nodosum	Solanum lycopersicum	Increase of beneficial minerals, antioxidants, and essential amino acids.	[108]
Ascophyllum nodosum	Solanum melongena	Increase of phenols, tannins, total soluble sugars, activity of SOD and APX, and potassium to sodium ratio.	[118]
Codium taylorii or Pterocladia capillacea	Raphanus sativus	Seed priming induces the synthesis of stress proteins in seedlings under salinity.	[119]
Dunaliella salina	Solanum lycopersicum	Positive effects on length, dry weight, potassium, potassium to sodium ratio, increase of proline, phenolics, CAT, POD, and SOD activities.	[120]
Dunaliella salina	Triticum aestivum	Increase of seed germination and seedling growth.	[121]
Dunaliella spp.	Capsicum annuum	Increase of germination rate, root growth, and reduction of superoxide radical production and lipid peroxidation.	[122]
Ecklonia maxima	Cucurbita pepo	Increase of yield, shoot biomass, fruit dry matter, total soluble solid contents, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic rate	[123]
Fucus spiralis	Triticum durum	Increase of seed germination, growth, and anti-oxidant enzyme activities.	[124]
Galaxaura obtusata	Triticum vulgare	Increase of SOD activity and shoot length.	[125]
Grateloupia filicina	Oriza sativa	Increase of proline, SOD, and POD activities, and alleviating salt stress during the seed germination stage.	[126]
Kappaphycus alverezii	Triticum durum	Increase of tolerance to salt and drought stress.	[36]
Laurencia obtusa	Triticum vulgare	Decrease of sodium uptake, increase of CAT and SOD activities, carbohydrates, shoot and root length.	[125]
Lessonia nigrescens	Triticum aestivum	Increase of growth, chlorophyll, and antioxidant activities, decrease of membrane lipid peroxidation, efflux and compartmentation of intracellular ion.	[109]
Padina pavonica	Triticum vulgare	Increase of CAT and SOD activities, carbohydrates, shoot, and root length.	[125]
Phaeodactylum spp.	Capsicum annuum	Increase of germination rate, root growth, and reduction of superoxide radical production and lipid peroxidation.	[122]
Sargassum muticum	Triticum vulgare	Increase of CAT and SOD activities, carbohydrates, shoot and root length.	[125]
Sargassum muticum Jania rubens	Cicer aretinum	Increase of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, amino acids, phenolics, Na+ extrusion SOD, CAT, APX, and POD activity.	[127]
Scenedesmus obliquus Spirulina platensis	Triticum aestivum	Increase of activities of SOD, APX, CAT, and POD and chlorophyll and carotenoid content.	[128]
Spirulina maxima Chlorella ellipsoida	Triticum aestivum	Increase of carotenoids, tocopherol, phenolics, proteins, and antioxidant activity	[129]
Ulva lactuca	Triticum aestivum	Increase of plant growth and yield and antioxidant enzymes activity (SOD, CAT, APX and GR).	[35]
Ulva rigida	Triticum durum	Increase of leaf pigments, total phenolics, and antioxidant enzymatic activities.	[130]