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. 2020 Aug 27;12(9):2428. doi: 10.3390/cancers12092428

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Current serum proteomics workflows for the discovery, verification, and validation of cancer biomarkers. Top panel: global comparative serum proteomics workflow for screening some candidates of protein signature from tens/hundreds of differentially expressed proteins found between healthy and cancer patients. Middle panel: targeted quantitative serum proteomic workflow in a larger number of samples for verifying potential biomarker candidates. Bottom panel: the development of an immunoassay for selected potential biomarkers for validation and clinical application.