Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population.
| Control | PAF | PeAF | LSPeAF | All AF Patients | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 98 (33) | 86 (29) | 108 (36.4) | 5 (1.7) | 199 (67) |
| Group, n (%) | |||||
| Control | 98 (100) | - | - | - | - |
| Electro cardioversion (ECV) | - | 12 (14) | 83 (76.9) | 3 (60) | 98 (49) |
| Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) | - | 74 (86) | 25 (23.1) | 2 (40) | 101 (51) |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 48.2 ± 15.3 | 61.3 ± 9.5 *** | 60.8 ± 10.6 *** | 57.5 ± 9 | 60.9 ± 10.1 *** |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 51 (52) | 64 (74.4) ** | 81 (75) ** | 4 (80) | 149 (74.9) *** |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.1 ± 3.7 | 27.2 ± 3.8 * | 28.8 ± 5.4 *** | 30.4 ± 7.4 | 28.2 ± 4.9 *** |
| Hypertension, yes, n (%) | 23 (23.5) | 43 (50) *** | 51 (47.2) ** | 3 (60) | 97 (48.7) *** |
| Diabetes mellitus, yes, n (%) | 5 (5.1) | 10 (11.6) | 15 (13.9) | 1 (20) | 26 (13.1) * |
| Dyslipidemia, yes, n (%) | 16 (16.3) | 25 (29.1) | 33 (30.6) | 3 (60) | 61 (30.7) ** |
| Thyroid disease, yes, n (%) | 2 (2) | 4 (4.7) | 8 (7.4) | 1 (20) | 13 (6.5) |
| Left ventricular function (LVF), n (%) | */### | ||||
| Normal | 61 (79.2) | 73 (84.9) | 60 (58.3) | 3 (60) | 136 (70.1) |
| Mild impairment | 10 (13) | 9 (10.5) | 29 (28.2) | 2 (40) | 40 (20.6) |
| Moderate impairment | 3 (3.9) | 3 (3.5) | 10 (9.7) | 0 (0) | 13 (6.7) |
| Severe impairment | 3 (3.9) | 1 (1.2) | 4 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 5 (2.9) |
| Missing † | 21 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| Left atrial volume index (mL/m2),median [IQR] | 27.9 [21.2–39.7] |
38.6 [29.3–48.4] * |
47 [35.7–60.5] **/## |
43.1 [25.9–73.6] |
41.1 [31.8–54] ** |
| Drugs, yes, n (%) | |||||
| Drugs total | 52 (53.6) | 84 (97.7) *** | 104 (96.3) *** | 5 (100) | 193 (97) *** |
| ACE. ARB. AT2 antagonist | 26 (26.8) | 40 (46.5) * | 48 (44.9) * | 3 (60) | 91 (46) ** |
| Statin | 17 (17.5) | 32 (37.2) * | 37 (34.3) * | 4 (80) * | 73 (36.7) *** |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD) total ‡ | 43 (44.3) | 79 (91.9) *** | 103 (95.4) *** | 5 (100) | 187 (94) *** |
| Class I AAD | 5 (5.2) | 31 (36.0) *** | 14 (13) ### | 1 (20) | 46 (23.1) *** |
| Class II AAD | 31 (32) | 36 (41.9) | 55 (50.9) * | 1 (20) | 92 (46.2) * |
| Class III AAD | 6 (6.2) | 42 (48.8) | 55 (50.9) | 2 (40) | 99 (49.7) *** |
| Class IV AAD | 3 (3.1) | 4 (4.7) | 7 (6.5) | 5 (100) | 11 (5.5) |
| Digoxin | 0 (0) | 6 (7) * | 18 (16.7) *** | 1 (20) | 25 (12.6) *** |
† The percentages of LVF are valid percentages and corrected for the missing values; ‡ Patients may use more than one type of AAD; therefore, the sum of all classes is not equal to total; * p <0.05, ** p <0.01 and *** p <0.001 compared to control ## p < 0.01 and ### p < 0.001 comparing paroxysmal AF with persistent AF.