Table 2.
Advances in major virulence genes/immune escape-related genes of ASFV.
| Pathway | Encoded Protein/Genes | Essential/Nonessential | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regulation of host protein expression | A238L | Nonessential | Inhibits NF-κ B and NFAT activation | [51] |
| NL (DP71L) | Nonessential | Inhibition of activation of peIF2α-ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway and its mediated apoptosis | [52,53] | |
| Interference with innate immune system | MGF360,MGF505/530 | Nonessential | Inhibition of transcription of type I IFN and other cytokines Increased survival of infected cells |
[54,55,56,57] |
| I329L | Nonessential | Inhibits TLR signaling Inhibiting NF-κ B and IRF3 signaling pathways |
[50,58,59] | |
| Regulation of apoptosis/autophagy | A179L | Nonessential | A member of the Bcl-2 family Inhibition of apoptosis in the early stage of infection Inhibition of cell autophagy |
[60,61] |
| 4CL (A224L) | Nonessential | Inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced caspase 3 activation and apoptosis | [54] | |
| EP153R | Nonessential | C-type lectin, participate in the process of blood cell adsorption Regulating apoptosis and inhibiting MHC-1 expression |
[62,63,64] | |
| P54 (E183L) | Nonessential | Participate in viral particle assembly and viral adhesion to host cells Induce apoptosis in the late stage of infection |
[65,66] | |
| Others | CD2v (EP402R) | Nonessential | Mediate erythrocyte adsorption and promote virus transmission Interacts with cellular AP-1 protein and participates in intracellular transport of virus Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation |
[58,67,68,69] |
| L83L | Nonessential | Binding host protein IL-1beta to inhibit its antiviral effect | [70] | |
| UK (DP96R) | Nonessential | Negative regulation of type I IFN expression and NF-κ B signaling by inhibition of TBK1 and IKKβ | [71,72] | |
| 9GL (B119L) | Nonessential | Influencing virion maturation and viral growth in macrophages and viral virulence in swine | [56,71,73,74,75] | |
| TK (A240L) | Essential | Determines virulence | [76] | |
| DP148R | Nonessential | The function is elusive yet. Deletion of DP148R greatly reduces viral virulence |
[77,78] |
Bold markers are virulence-determining genes encoded by ASFV that have been reported so far.