Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to sex-specific tertiles of C-peptide in 5176 participants of the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study.
| Sex-Specific Tertiles of C-Peptide pmol/L | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | <642 | 642–890 | >890 | p value for trend * | |
| Female | <592 | 592–803 | >803 | ||
| Participants, n | 1723 | 1725 | 1728 | ||
| Female, (%) | 50.3% | 50% | 50.3% | 0.986 | |
| Age | 48.7 ± 10.6 | 52.3 ± 11.4 | 56.5 ± 11 | <0.001 | |
| Race, white (%) | 99 | 99.1 | 99.5 | 0.123 | |
| The family history of diabetes (%) | 13.8 | 17.6 | 21.8 | <0.001 | |
| Smoking status, | |||||
| Never (%) | 34.3 | 29.6 | 26.1 | <0.001 | |
| Current (%) | 27.0 | 28.4 | 25.3 | ||
| Former (%) | 38.7 | 42.0 | 48.6 | ||
| Alcohol consumption, | |||||
| none (%) | 18.9 | 22.6 | 28.9 | <0.001 | |
| 1–4 units per month (%) | 15.8 | 18.2 | 17.8 | ||
| 2–7 units per week (%) | 35.3 | 32.7 | 29.2 | ||
| 1–3 units per day (%) | 25.2 | 22.9 | 19.8 | ||
| >3 units per day (%) | 4.8 | 3.5 | 4.4 | ||
| Gestational Diabetes (%) | 1.0 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 0.337 | |
| Length (cm) | 174 ± 9 | 173 ± 9 | 171 ± 9 | <0.001 | |
| Weight (kg) | 72.9 ± 11.3 | 78.5 ± 12.3 | 86.7 ± 15.1 | <0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 2.7 | 26.1 ± 3.2 | 29.3 ± 4.3 | <0.001 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.9 ± 15.8 | 124.1 ± 17 | 131.7 ± 18.2 | <0.001 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.3 ± 8.7 | 73.1 ± 8.6 | 75.8 ± 8.6 | <0.001 | |
| Use of antihypertensive medication (%) | 6.5 | 12.2 | 27.3 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension (%) | 14.7 | 23.4 | 44.3 | <0.001 | |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 5.4±1 | 5.6±1 | <0.001 | |
| HDL-cholestrerol (mmol/L) | 1.37 ± 0.30 | 1.26 ± 0.26 | 1.15 ± 0.27 | <0.001 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.85 (0.64–1.11) | 1.08 (0.83–1.49) | 1.47 (1.08–2.03) | <0.001 | |
| Use of lipid-lowering medication (%) | 3 | 6.7 | 14.2 | <0.001 | |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 5 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 5.2 (4.2–6.6) | 7.8 (6.5–9.5) | 13.1 (10.3–17.9) | <0.001 | |
| HOMA-IR ((mU mmol/l2)/22.5) | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | |
| Plasma ASAT (U/L) | 22 (19–25) | 22 (19–26) | 24 (20–28) | <0.001 | |
| Plasma ALAT (U/L) | 15 (12–20) | 17 (12–23) | 21 (15–29) | <0.001 | |
| Plasma urea (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 99.1 ± 13.7 | 94.1 ± 15.4 | 86.9 ± 17.3 | <0.001 | |
| UAE (mg/24 h) | 7.52 (5.73–11.15) | 8.26 (6.00–13.27) | 10.19 (6.56–20.91) | <0.001 | |
Continuous variables are reported as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) and categorical variables are reported as percentage. * Determined by linear-by-linear association chi-square test (categorical variables) and linear regression (continuous variables). BMI: body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; ASAT: L-aspartate aminotransferase; ALAT: L-alanine aminotransferase; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; UAE: urinary albumin excretion.