Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to smoking status groups before liver transplant (LT). One-way ANOVA test for continuous variables (age and MELD) and Chi-square for categorical variables.
| Total (n = 314) | Group 1: Non-Smokers (n = 59) |
Group 2: Ex-Smokers (n = 130) |
Group 3: Active Smokers (n = 125) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 283 (90.1%) | 50 (17.7%) | 119 (42.0%) | 114 (40.3%) | 0.30 |
| Age, Years (SD) | 55.48 (7.47) | 56.31 (7.53) | 57.50 (6.67) | 53.00 (7.59) | 0.00 |
| MELD (SD) | 16.89 (6.50) | 18.05 (7.15) | 15.83 (6.03) | 17.43 (6.54) | 0.04 |
| Liver-Kidney | 11 (3.6%) | 2 (18.2%) | 8 (72.7%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.07 |
| HCV | 127 (40.4%) | 17 (13.4%) | 43 (33.9%) | 67 (52.8%) | 0.00 |
| HBV | 13 (4.1%) | 2 (15.4%) | 5 (38.5%) | 6 (46.2%) | 0.88 |
| HCC | 130 (41.4%) | 21 (16.2%) | 58 (44.6%) | 51 (39.2%) | 0.49 |
| HIV | 12 (3.8%) | 2 (16.7%) | 6 (50.0%) | 4 (33.3%) | 0.83 |
| Good Family Support | 261 (86.1%) | 54 (20.7%) | 115 (44.1%) | 92 (35.2%) | 0.02 |
| Unstable Family Support | 41 (13.6%) | 4 (9.8%) | 14 (34.1%) | 23 (56.1%) | 0.03 |
| Living Donor | 22 (7.1%) | 4 (18.2%) | 9 (40.9%) | 9 (40.9%) | 0.99 |
| Alcohol Abstinence Before LT 1–C6 Months | 60 (19.1%) | 12 (20.0%) | 21 (35.0%) | 27 (45.0%) | 0.52 |
| Alcohol Abstinence Before LT 7–12 Months | 88 (28.0%) | 20 (22.7%) | 33 (37.5%) | 35 (39.8%) | 0.48 |
| Alcohol Abstinence Before LT >12 Months | 166 (52.9%) | 27 (16.3%) | 76 (45.8%) | 63 (38.0%) | 0.21 |
| DHD > 25 Years | 107 (34.3%) | 16 (15.0%) | 51 (47.7%) | 40 (37.4%) | 0.18 |
| DHD 11–25 Years | 161 (51.6%) | 32 (19.9%) | 65 (39.8%) | 64 (40.4%) | 0.90 |
| DHD < 11 Years | 44 (14.1%) | 11 (25.0%) | 12 (27.3%) | 21 (47.7%) | 0.13 |
| SDU < 11 | 144 (46.3%) | 36 (25.0%) | 54 (37.5%) | 54 (37.5%) | 0.04 |
| SDU 11–20 | 125 (40.2%) | 16 (12.8%) | 60 (48.0%) | 49 (39.2%) | 0.04 |
| SDU > 20 | 42 (13.5%) | 7 (16.7%) | 14 (33.3%) | 21 (50.0%) | 0.35 |
| 0 Alcoholism Treatment | 268 (85.4%) | 49 (18.3%) | 111 (41.4%) | 108 (40.3%) | 0.83 |
| 1 Alcoholism Treatment | 37 (11.8%) | 9 (24.3%) | 18 (48.6%) | 10 (27.0%) | 0.23 |
| 2 Alcoholism Treatments | 9 (2.9%) | 1 (11.1%) | 1 (11.1%) | 7 (77.8%) | 0.05 |
| HRAR Score >3 | 107 (34.4%) | 16 (15.0%) | 48 (44.9%) | 43 (40.2%) | 0.36 |
| Concomitant Substance Abuse | 92 (29.3%) | 5 (5.4%) | 31 (33.7%) | 56 (60.9%) | 0.00 |
| Benzodiazepines | 14 (4.5%) | 1 (7.1%) | 5 (35.7%) | 8 (57.1%) | 0.32 |
| Cannabis | 49 (15.6%) | 3 (6.1%) | 17 (34.7%) | 29 (59.2%) | 0.00 |
| Heroin | 28 (8.9%) | 3 (10.7%) | 11 (39.3%) | 14 (50.0%) | 0.39 |
| Cocaine | 51 (16.2%) | 3 (5.9%) | 15 (29.4%) | 33 (64.7%) | 0.00 |
| Other | 5 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (20.0%) | 4 (80.0%) | 0.17 |
| Toxicity Awareness | 264 (84.1%) | 53 (20.1%) | 114 (43.2%) | 97 (36.7%) | 0.04 |
| Dependency Awareness | 165 (59.1%) | 31 (18.8%) | 66 (40.0%) | 68 (41.2%) | 0.91 |
| Psychiatric Pathology | 46 (14.6%) | 8 (17.4%) | 17 (37.0%) | 21 (45.7%) | 0.68 |
| HADS Depression (Positive) | 21 (10.8%) | 2 (9.5%) | 7 (33.3%) | 12 (57.1%) | 0.16 |
| HADS Anxiety (Positive) | 36 (18.5%) | 4 (11.1%) | 19 (52.8%) | 13 (36.1%) | 0.68 |
| Maladaptive Personality Traits | 25 (8.1%) | 5 (20.0%) | 8 (32.0%) | 12 (48.0%) | 0.56 |
HCV = Hepatitis C virus; HBV = Hepatitis B virus; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma; MELD = Model for End-stage Liver Disease; DHD = duration of heavy drinking; SDU = standard drink unit = 10 gr alcohol; HRAR = High-Risk Alcoholism Relapse Scale; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.