Table 1.
Comparison of biochemical levels in brain and muscle tissue between control fish and donepezil-exposed fish by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM values and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (n = 3; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
| Biomarker | Control | 1 ppm | 2.5 ppm | Unit | Significance | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain | ||||||
| Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) |
1.478 ± 0.220 | 1.696 ± 0.133 | 1.437 ± 0.108 | U/μg of total protein | NO | 0.812 |
| Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) |
0.324 ± 0.023 | 0.315 ± 0.028 | 0.294 ± 0.013 | U/μg of total protein | NO | 0.6533 |
| Malondialdehyde (MDA) |
0.010 ± 0.0003 | 0.009 ± 0.0004 | 0.008 ± 0.0002 (**) | nmol/μg of total protein | YES | 0.0055 |
| Cortisol | 2.900 ± 0.190 | 2.485 ± 0.081 | 2.021 ± 0.168 (*) | pg/μg of total protein | YES | 0.0193 |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) |
0.0315 ± 0.003 | 0.0398 ± 0.002 | 0.0372 ± 0.002 | ng/μg of total protein | NO | 0.0936 |
| Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) | 0.173 ± 0.021 | 0.183 ± 0.014 | 0.183 ± 0.005 | nmol/μg of total protein | NO | 0.5106 |
| Serotonin (5-HT) | 0.363 ± 0.012 | 0.372 ± 0.012 | 0.334 ± 0.008 | ng/μg of total protein | NO | 0.1437 |
| Norepinephrine | 0.011 ± 0.0006 | 0.010 ± 0.0004 | 0.011 ± 0.0006 | ng/μg of total protein | NO | 0.4131 |
| Dopamine | 0.175 ± 0.001 | 0.210 ± 0.011 | 0.199 ± 0.008 | U/μg of total protein | NO | 0.0716 |
| γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
1.05 × 10−5 ± 1.7 × 10−7 | 1.09 × 10−5 ± 6.6 × 10−7 | 9.90 × 10−6 ± 4.9 × 10−7 | μmol/μg of total protein | NO | 0.4104 |
| Melatonin | 0.129 ± 0.005 | 0.133 ± 0.003 | 0.130 ± 0.009 | pg/μg of total protein | NO | 0.8793 |
| Kisspeptin | 0.798 ± 0.043 | 0.736 ± 0.010 | 0.746 ± 0.034 | ng/μg of total protein | NO | 0.4026 |
| Oxytocin | 0.045 ± 0.001 | 0.060 ± 0.002 (*) | 0.048 ± 0.004 | pg/μg of total protein | YES | 0.0184 |
| Vasotocin | 2.603 ± 0.118 | 2.234 ± 0.146 | 2.216 ± 0.056 | pg/μg of total protein | NO | 0.0891 |
| Muscle | ||||||
| ROS | 1.368 ± 0.141 | 1.479 ± 0.096 | 1.893 ± 0.120 (*) | U/μg of total protein | YES | 0.0478 |
| SOD | 0.241 ± 0.022 | 0.237 ± 0.013 | 0.288 ± 0.012 | U/μg of total protein | NO | 0.1191 |
| MDA | 0.005 ± 0.0003 | 0.006 ± 0.0002 | 0.007 ± 0.0003 (**) | nmol/μg of total protein | YES | 0.0086 |
| Catalase | 0.062 ± 0.003 | 0.061 ± 0.002 | 0.070 ± 0.004 | U/μg of total protein | NO | 0.1821 |
| ATP | 6.104 ± 0.476 | 6.045 ± 0.575 | 7.239 ± 0.224 | nmol/μg of total protein | NO | 0.1882 |