Figure 1.

Effects of serum cosmetics containing galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on water holding capacity (A) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) (B) from baseline after 8 weeks of treatment in healthy adults. The asterisks indicate significant differences (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01) between the NF and the ND groups at the indicated week. The p of two-sided independent t-test method was displayed, and all data are reported as mean ± standard error of the mean. ND (control serum); NF (cosmetic serum containing GOS).