Serum concentrations of MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1α (CCL3), MIP-1β (CCL4), RANTES (CCL5) and eotaxin (CCL11/CCL24/CCL26) (ng/mL for RANTES and IP-10, pg/mL for others). CKD−: The group of individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio(UACR) <3.0 mg/mmol; NA-CKD: Non-albuminuric chronic kidney disease, the group of individuals with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and UACR <3.0 mg/mmol; A-CKD−: Group of patients with eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and UACR ≥3.0 mg/mmol; A-CKD+: Group of individuals with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and UACR ≥3.0 mg/mmol. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. control, ###
p < 0.001 vs. CKD−; Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis test, Holm’s step-down procedure.