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Production of inflammatory cytokines by the LNP and alum in vivo. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with the SV alone, SV plus LNP, or SV plus alum. After 4 h, the concentrations of IL-6 and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in peritoneal lavage fluid were measured by using ELISA. n = 5 per group. Data are means ± SD. ††† p < 0.001 and †††† p < 0.0001 vs. untreated control group; *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001, as indicated by Tukey’s test.
