Table 3.
Adolescent- and parent-reported tobacco and substance use preventive skills and family factors at baseline, post, and 3- and 9-month follow-up assessments
| Baseline | Post | 3-Month FU | 9-Month FU | F | p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group × time effects: | Est.M | SE | Est.M | SE | Est.M | SE | Est. M | SE | ||
| Adolescent Skills | ||||||||||
| E-cigarette Susceptibility (A) | 2.31 | .07 | ||||||||
| STAND-G + TPS | 3.74 | .12 | 3.42 | .12 | 3.46 | .13 | 3.34 | .15 | ||
| STAND-G | 3.43 | .15 | 3.43 | .16 | 3.57 | .15 | 3.55 | .16 | ||
| Intentions to Smoke (A) | 3.25 | .02 | ||||||||
| STAND-G + TPS | 1.47 | .10 | 1.21 | .10 | 1.12 | .08 | 1.11 | .14 | ||
| STAND-G | 1.14 | .08 | 1.54 | .10 | 1.63 | .12 | 1.52 | .16 | ||
| Tobacco use refusal intentions (A) | 2.17 | .09 | ||||||||
| STAND-G + TPS | 4.86 | .09 | 4.76 | .09 | 4.86 | .11 | 4.86 | .13 | ||
| STAND-G | 4.66 | .12 | 4.57 | .12 | 4.55 | .12 | 4.52 | .12 | ||
| Substance use refusal intentions (A) | 2.53 | .06 | ||||||||
| STAND-G + TPS | 4.41 | .14 | 4.44 | .18 | 4.58 | .29 | 4.49 | .18 | ||
| STAND-G | 4.60 | .19 | 4.25 | .16 | 4.22 | .15 | 4.33 | .18 | ||
| Social normative beliefs about smoking (A) | 2.78 | .04 | ||||||||
| STAND-G + TPS | 3.71 | .08 | 3.41 | .10 | 3.43 | .11 | 3.34 | .11 | ||
| STAND-G | 3.70 | .11 | 3.74 | .08 | 3.80 | .10 | 3.82 | .11 | ||
| Parenting Skills | ||||||||||
| Parental Control (A) | 3.07 | .03 | ||||||||
| STAND-G + TPS | 4.09 | .12 | 4.22 | .14 | 4.23 | .17 | 4.39 | .16 | ||
| STAND-G | 4.12 | .16 | 4.10 | .13 | 4.12 | .15 | 3.78 | .17 | ||
| Parental Control (P) | .07 | .97 | ||||||||
| STAND-G + TPS | 4.80 | .06 | 4.85 | .07 | 4.81 | .08 | 4.69 | .09 | ||
| STAND-G | 4.83 | .09 | 4.84 | .09 | 4.78 | .09 | 4.67 | .09 | ||
| Involvement with teen (P) | 1.49 | .22 | ||||||||
| STAND-G + TPS | 4.57 | .07 | 4.72 | .10 | 4.54 | .08 | 4.65 | .09 | ||
| STAND-G | 4.58 | .09 | 4.49 | .08 | 4.52 | .10 | 4.51 | .10 | ||
| Communication about substance use (P) | 2.97 | .03 | ||||||||
| STAND-G + TPS | 2.00 | .10 | 2.19 | .10 | 2.16 | .10 | 2.29 | .12 | ||
| STAND-G | 2.06 | .13 | 1.75 | .14 | 2.00 | .13 | 1.97 | .13 | ||
| Communication about substance use (A) | 1.26 | .28 | ||||||||
| STAND-G + TPS | 2.77 | .12 | 2.79 | .12 | 2.76 | .14 | 2.72 | .16 | ||
| STAND-G | 2.93 | .16 | 2.75 | .17 | 2.45 | .16 | 2.66 | .16 | ||
| Family Factors | ||||||||||
| Family cohesion (A) | 2.01 | .11 | ||||||||
| STAND-G + TPS | 73.46 | 3.12 | 74.56 | 3.17 | 79.61 | 3.20 | 77.88 | 3.21 | ||
| STAND-G | 71.64 | 2.37 | 67.18 | 2.40 | 68.10 | 2.69 | 70.46 | 2.98 | ||
| Family cohesion (P) | 2.86 | .04 | ||||||||
| STAND-G + TPS | 81.90 | 1.47 | 85.04 | 1.97 | 86.56 | 1.98 | 85.55 | 1.99 | ||
| STAND-G | 82.07 | 1.94 | 79.34 | 1.48 | 79.13 | 1.64 | 79.01 | 1.81 | ||
All models controlled for the conduct problems, sex, and age as covariates including both their main effects and differences in change over time. A = Adolescent-rated. P = Parent-rated. STAND-G = Supporting Teens’ Academic Needs Daily condition. STAND-G + TPS = STAND-G and Tobacco Prevention Skills condition. The goal of this study was to incorporate tobacco and substance information without reducing the efficacy of STAND on the core constructs the intervention was designed to target, such as homework problems and parent-adolescent conflict. As such, we tested for group differences on several of the main measures from the original STAND intervention trials and no significant differences were found for any outcome: parent-rated academic executive functioning skills (Adolescents Academic Problems Checklist; Sibley et al. 2014), F = 0.46, p = .71, parent-rated homework problems (Homework Problems Checklist; Power et al., 2006), F = 0.44, p = .73, adolescent-rated parent-child conflict (CBQ; Robin & Foster, 1989), F = 0.89, p = .45, and parent-rated CBQ, F = 1.66, p = .18