Figure 2.

Proportion of bees positive for memory retention at 2, 24 and 48 hpt. The bees were treated with clothianidin (0 ng clothianidin/µL, 9 × 10⁻⁴ ng clothianidin/µL, 4.2 × 10⁻³ ng clothianidin/µL, and 1 × 10⁻² ng clothianidin/µL) and/or V. destructor (Vd) before the first training trial. The asterisks indicate a significant reduction in the proportion of bees positive to memory retention compared to the controls based on Chi² analyses and adjusted residuals (α of 0.05).