Figure 4.

Mean (± SEM) relative expression versus ng of clothianidin of bees positive to PER of the genes: AmNrx-1 (a); AmNlg-1 (b); AmAChE-2 (c). The relative gene expression was calculated using the Livak 2^−ΔΔCt method, with AmRPS5 as reference gene and 0 ng as calibrator. Log₂ transformed data are presented.