Table 2.

Management of immune-related adverse events induced by immune-checkpoint inhibitors.

irAE	ICIs Treatment	Management
Inflammatory Arthritis	anti-PD-1 and CTLA4 (Ipilimumab/Nivolumab)	Acetaminophen + oral corticosteroids of prednisone + intra-articular corticosteroid injection
		ICIs resumed
Temporal Arteritis	anti-PD-L1 (Durvalumab)	Prednisone
		ICIs resumed pending clinical response
Myocarditis	anti-PD-1 and CTLA4 (Ipilimumab + Nivolumab)	Methylprednisolone and diuretic treatment
		ICIs permanently discontinued
Maculopapular Rash	anti-PD-L1 (Avelumab)	Betamethasone treatment+oral prednisone
		Resumed after symptom relief below grade 1 toxicity
Nephritis	anti-PD-1 (Pembrolizumab)	Corticosteroids
		ICIs resumed after renal indices in a normal range
Encephalitis	anti-PD-1 and CTLA4 (Ipilimumab + Nivolumab)	Pulse corticosteroids
		Resumed after neurological recovery
Myasthenia Gravis	anti-PD-1 (Nivolumab)	Corticosteroids
		Permanently discontinued
Uveitus	anti-PD-L1 (Atezolizumab)	Topical cycloplegic agent + prednisone
		Continued until corticosteroid reduction completed
Pneumonitis	anti-PD-L1 (Durvalumab)	Dose-dependent corticosteroids according to different grade of checkpoint-inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP)
		Temporarily held during corticosteroid treatment in grade I and 2 CIP toxicity
Hypophysitis	anti-PD-1 and CTLA4 (Ipilimumab + Nivolumab)	hydrocortisone +levothyroxine
		Resumed
Hypothyroidism	anti-PD-L1 (Durvalumab)	levothyroxine
		Continued
Thrombocytopenia	anti-PD-1 (Pembrolizumab)	Prednisone
		Resumed after 4 weeks treatment
Colitis	anti-PD-1 and CTLA4 (Ipilimumab + Nivolumab)	Prednisone
		Resumed

irAE, Immune-related adverse event; ICIs, Immune checkpoint inhibitors; anti-PD-1, anti-programmed cell death 1; CTLA4, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4; anti-PD-L1, anti-programmed cell death ligand 1; CIP, Checkpoint-inhibitor pneumonitis.