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Immunological mechanism of phage-based vaccines. Phage-based vaccines can stimulate both humoral and cellular responses. Phage particles displaying-antigens are taken up by APCs. The antigen is then processed and presented on MHC-I and MHC-II molecules which leads to the activation of T cells. The direct recognition of the phage particle happens simultaneously, promoting the generation of plasma cells and further secretion of antibodies.
