Table 1.
Demographic status and comorbidity in the osteoporotic fracture group and the non-osteoporotic fracture group
| Variables | Osteoporotic fracture group (cases) | Non-osteoporotic fracture group (controls) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 59,240) | (n = 296,200) | ||||
| Cohort entry year, n (%) | 1.000 | ||||
| 2006 | 29,139 | (49.2) | 145,695 | (49.2) | |
| 2007 | 13,356 | (22.6) | 66,780 | (22.6) | |
| 2008 | 7103 | (12.0) | 35,515 | (12.0) | |
| 2009 | 4450 | (7.5) | 22,250 | (7.5) | |
| 2010 | 2511 | (4.2) | 12,555 | (4.2) | |
| 2011 | 1378 | (2.3) | 6890 | (2.3) | |
| 2012 | 790 | (1.3) | 3950 | (1.3) | |
| 2013 | 364 | (0.6) | 1820 | (0.6) | |
| 2014 | 137 | (0.2) | 685 | (0.2) | |
| 2015 | 12 | 0.0 | 60 | 0.0 | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Female sex, n (%) | 46,213 | (78.0) | 231,065 | (78.0) | 1.000 |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 64.8 (8.0) | 64.6 (8.1) | < 0.001 | ||
| Residence, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Urban (large city) | 30,466 | (51.5) | 165,016 | (55.7) | |
| Urban (small city) | 17,374 | (29.3) | 85,554 | (28.9) | |
| Rural | 11,373 | (19.2) | 45,575 | (15.4) | |
| Household income, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Lowest quintile | 13,252 | (22.4) | 64,122 | (21.7) | |
| Health checkup/ structured questionnaire | |||||
| Height, median (IQR), cm | 155 (150–160) | 154 (150–160) | < 0.001 | ||
| Weight, median (IQR), kg | 58 (52–64) | 57 (51–63) | < 0.001 | ||
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 24.0 (22.1–26.1) | 23.7 (21.6–25.9) | < 0.001 | ||
| BMI, n (%), kg/m2 | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 18.5 | 2454 | (4.1) | 7809 | (2.6) | |
| 18.5–23 | 21,805 | (36.8) | 99,135 | (33.5) | |
| 23–25 | 14,959 | (25.3) | 79,124 | (26.7) | |
| 25–30 | 17,929 | (30.3) | 98,833 | (33.4) | |
| ≥ 30 | 2093 | (3.5) | 11,299 | (3.8) | |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 5852 | (9.9) | 24,306 | (8.2) | < 0.001 |
| Current alcohol drinking, n (%) | 11,669 | (19.7) | 59,453 | (20.1) | 0.038 |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 20,962 | (35.4) | 118,472 | (40.0) | < 0.001 |
| Concurrent disease/drug use, n (%) | |||||
| Bisphosphonates | 44,949 | (75.9) | 224,745 | (75.9) | 1.000 |
| Glucocorticoids | 48,134 | (81.3) | 219,574 | (74.1) | < 0.001 |
| Anticonvulsants | 14,735 | (24.9) | 49,906 | (16.9) | < 0.001 |
| HRT | 6061 | (10.2) | 21,707 | (7.3) | < 0.001 |
| Warfarin | 1114 | (1.9) | 3590 | (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| Heparin | 7193 | (12.1) | 20,023 | (6.8) | < 0.001 |
| Antacids | 48,175 | (81.3) | 215,413 | (72.7) | < 0.001 |
| SSRIs | 4605 | (7.8) | 15,323 | (5.2) | < 0.001 |
| Benzodiazepines | 46,995 | (79.3) | 207,468 | (70.0) | < 0.001 |
| TCAs | 11,024 | (18.6) | 38,293 | (12.9) | < 0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 9994 | (16.9) | 33,677 | (11.4) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 4023 | (6.8) | 15,451 | (5.2) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 994 | (1.7) | 2990 | (1.0) | < 0.001 |
| COPD | 19,700 | (33.3) | 84,921 | (28.7) | < 0.001 |
| Testicular dysfunction | 29 | (0.1) | 111 | 0.0 | 0.199 |
| Pituitary dysfunction | 75 | (0.1) | 167 | (0.1) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperparathyroidism | 302 | (0.5) | 620 | (0.2) | < 0.001 |
| Cushing’s syndrome | 254 | (0.4) | 522 | (0.2) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperprolactinemia | 35 | (0.1) | 119 | 0.0 | 0.044 |
| Vitamin D deficiency | 575 | (1.0) | 1392 | (0.5) | < 0.001 |
| Idiopathic hypercalciuria | 1943 | (3.3) | 5058 | (1.7) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 9692 | (16.4) | 42,790 | (14.5) | < 0.001 |
| Intestinal absorption disorder | 44 | (0.1) | 192 | (0.1) | 0.415 |
| Chronic liver disease | 5775 | (9.8) | 22,379 | (7.6) | < 0.001 |
| Anorexia nervosa | 115 | (0.2) | 349 | (0.1) | < 0.001 |
| Systemic erythema lupus | 183 | (0.3) | 508 | (0.2) | < 0.001 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 409 | (0.7) | 1661 | (0.6) | 0.000 |
| Secondary amenorrhea | 16 | 0.0 | 133 | 0.0 | 0.052 |
| Hypertensive disease | 27,839 | (47.0) | 132,871 | (44.9) | < 0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | < 0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 19,228 | (32.5) | 107,655 | (36.4) | |
| 1 | 18,411 | (31.1) | 94,854 | (32.0) | |
| 2 | 10,021 | (16.9) | 47,437 | (16.0) | |
| ≥ 3 | 11,580 | (19.6) | 46,254 | (15.6) | |
| Follow-up period, median (IQR), years | 3.6 (1.8–5.7) | 3.6 (1.8–5.7) | 1.000 | ||
Data were presented as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation
Values are presented as mean (standard deviation, SD), number (percentage) or median (interquartile range, IQR)
PPI use was defined as having been prescribed PPI at least once during the follow-up period
Concurrent diseases were defined using the ICD-10 codes and included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (J44, 45), testicular dysfunction (E29.1), hypothalamic dysfunction (E23.0), hyperthyroidism (E05), hyperparathyroidism (E21), Cushing’s syndrome (E24), hyperprolactinemia (E22.1), vitamin D deficiency (E55.9), idiopathic hypercalciuria (E83.5), diabetes (E11–14 and diabetic agents), anorexia nervosa (F50.0, 50.1), systemic lupus erythematous (M32), hypertension (I10–13, I15, and use of antihypertensive agents), intestinal absorption disorder (K90), inflammatory bowel disease (K50, 51), chronic kidney disease (N18), and secondary amenorrhea (N91.1)
Comorbidities and medications used were defined as at least one claim for the relevant drug code (main ingredient code) and diagnostic code during the period ranging between 1 year prior to the cohort entry date and end of follow-up
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, HRT hormone replacement therapy, SSRIs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, TCAs tricyclic antidepressants, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease