Table 1.
The potential use of Gal-3 as a diagnostic biomarker and prognostic indicator in various heart diseases.
| Heart Disease | Usage of Biomarker | Potential Use as Biomarkers | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnostic Biomarkers | acute heart failure | plasma level | • combination with natriuretic peptide | [43] |
| acute heart failure | plasma level | • promising prognostic marker | [44] | |
| chronic heart failure | plasma level | • useful in heart failure | [66] | |
| chronic heart failure | myocardial and plasma level | • no association with histology | [45] | |
| acute myocardial infarction | serum level | • no definite relationship with ventricular remodeling | [67] | |
| chronic heart failure | myocardial and plasma level | • marker for both cardiac inflammation and fibrosis • circulating Gal-3 do not reflect cardiac fibrosis |
[12] | |
| Prognostic Indicators | chronic heart failure | plasma level | • association of Gal-3 with increased risk for incident heart failure and mortality | [41] |
| cardiovascular disease | plasma level | • association of Gal-3 with age and risk factors of cardiovascular disease | [42] | |
| chronic heart failure | plasma level | • not suggested to be a predictor of mortality • candidate marker of a multi-biomarker panel in prognostication |
[47] | |
| chronic heart failure | plasma level | • association of Gal-3 with severe heart failure • no prediction of outcomes after device implantation |
[48] | |
| heart failure undergoing heart transplantation | plasma levelmyocardial Gal-3 expression | • insufficient use of Gal-3 as a marker of heart • local expression of myocardial Gal-3 |
[49] | |
| heart failure of hypertensive origin | biopsies and plasma samples | • cardiac and systemic excess Gal-3 in heart failure patients • no association with histology |
[50] | |
| cardiovascular mortality and heart failure | plasma level | • large-scale meta-analysis • important prognostic value for heart disease |
[51] | |
| atrial fibrillation | circulating Gal-3 level | • significantly higher in patients with recurrence of atrial fibrillation | [56] | |
| adult congenital heart disease | serum level | • association of Gal-3 with adverse cardiovascular events | [57] | |
| pediatric congenital heart disease | serum level | • association of Gal-3 with increased risk of readmission or mortality after the operation | [58] |