Table 1.
Details of studies included in the systematic review.
| Reference | Type of Intervention | No. of Patients Treated Using 3D Prints | Design Study, Level of Evidence | Approach | Software for 3D Model | 3D Printing (Printer, Material, Time, Cost) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bagaria et al. [13] Year: 2011 Country: India, China |
Acetabular fracture, femoral condyle fracture, calcaneal fracture | 4 | Case series LOE-IV | 3DP model of fractured acetabulum (with indelible ink marked zones of fracture) used as template for precontouring the plate | Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | FDM process, ABS 19 euros |
| Battiato et al. [14] Year: 2017 Country: Italy |
Both acetabular fractures | 1 | Case report LOE-V | 3DP of entire pelvis used for fractures reduction and then for precontouring the plates | Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | SLS process, Polyamide PA2200, 46 h the entire development process |
| Belien et al. [15] Year: 2017 Country: Belgium |
Os acromiale, acromial fracture | 5 | Case series LOE-IV | 3DP model of fractured bone after fracture reduction used as template for precontouring the plate | in Vesalius (CTI, SP, Brazil), Rhinoceros 5 (Robert McNeel & Associates, Seattle, USA), Meshmixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, USA), Netfabb Pro (Autodesk, San Rafael, USA) | Makerbot Replicator 2, FDM process |
| Brown et al. [16] Year: 2002 Country: USA |
Acetabular fracture | 8 | Case series LOE-IV | 3DP model of the mirrored model of uninjured acetabulum for precontouring the plate | Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | Actua 2100, SLA, Wax, then mould methyl methacrylate |
| Chana-Rodriquez et al. [17] Year: 2016 Country: Spain |
Acetabular fracture | 1 | Case report LOE-V | 3DP model of the mirrored model of uninjured acetabulum used as template for precontouring the plate | OsiriX (Pixmeo, Geneva, Switzerland), Meshlab V1.3.3 (Visual Computing Lab, Pisa, Italy), Meshmixer 2.4 (Autodesk, San Rafael, USA | Da Vinci 3D printer, FDM process, ABS, 11 h, 12 euros |
| Chana- Rodriquez et al. [18] Year: 2018 Country: Spain |
Acetabular fractures | 20 | Prospective case series LOE-IV | 3DP model of the mirrored model of uninjured acetabulum used as template for precontouring the plate | OsiriX (Pixmeo, Geneva, Switzerland), Meshmixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, USA) Mean of 10.7 min for medical modeling |
Da Vinci 3D printer, FDM process, ABS Mean of 385 min for 3D prints manufacturing 12 euros |
| Chen YY et al. [19] Year: 2018 Country: China |
Rib fractures | 16 | Retrospective review 48 patients LOE-IV | 3DP model of fractured ribs/rib (with indelible ink marked zones of fractures) used as template for precontouring the plate | - | UP-BOX 3D Printer, FDM process, ABS 5–6 h for 3DP printing |
| Chen K et al. [20] Year 2019 Country: China |
Bicolumnar acetabular fracture | 28 | Retrospective analysis, 52 patients, LOE-III | Virtual fracture reduction + 3DP reduced fracture model for precontouring the plate | Mimics 16.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | PLA, 36 h total time (including sterilization, bending), 65 euro |
| Chung et al. [21] Year: 2014 Country: S. Korea |
Calcaneal fracture | 1 | Case report LOE-V | 3DP model of contralateral uninjured calcaneus used as template for precontouring the plate | Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium), 30 min modeling |
Probably FDM process 3 h printing |
| Hao et al. [22] Year: 2019 Country: China |
Midshaft clavicle fracture | 1 | Case report LOE-V | 3DP model of contralateral uninjured clavicle used as template for precontouring plate | Mimics 17.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | DLP process |
| Hsu et al. [23] Year: 2019 Country: China |
Acetabular fracture | 12 | Retrospective study with control group LOE-III Total of 29 patients |
Virtual reduction of fracture + 3DP model of reduced fracture used as template for precontouring plate | Mimics 19.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | Up Box+, FDM process |
| Hung et al. [24] Year: 2019 Country: China |
Pelvic ring fractures | 16 | Retrospective study, non-randomized with control group LOE-III Total of 30 patients |
Virtual reduction of fracture + 3DP model of reduced fracture used as template for precontouring the plate | Mimics 19.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) Up to 90 min virtual reduction for complex cases |
UP BOX+ 3D printer, FDM process Less than 24 h the entire process, 20 euros |
| Jeong et al. [25] Year: 2014 Country: S. Korea |
Clavicle shaft fracture | 1 | Case report LOE-V | 3DP of contralateral clavicle used as template for precontouring the plate | - | $20, 3 h for 3DP, 3 h for plate bending and sterilization |
| Kataoka et al. [26] Year: 2013 Country: Japan |
4 cubitus varus, 1 cubitus valgus, 4 diaphyseal malunions of the forearm |
9 | Series of cases, LOE-Therapeutic IV | Virtual planning and simulation using contralateral normal bone as template + 3DP of repositioned bone models as template for precontouring the plate |
Bone Simulator (Orthree, Osaka, Japan) |
Eden 250, Objet, Medical grade resin |
| Kim et al. [27] Year: 2015 Country: S. Korea, China |
Midshaft clavicle fracture | 7 | Series of cases (technical note) LOE-IV | 3DP model of contralateral uninjured clavicle used as template for precontouring the plate | Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | Project x60 series, $100, 2–3 days the whole process CT to solid model |
| Li L et al. [28] Year: 2017 Country: China |
Pelvic fracture | 28 | Retrospective review (long-term follow up study with control group), Total of 64 patients LOE-III | 3DP model of pelvis used for simulating operation and then for precontouring the plates | Mimics 14.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | Yinhua Rapid Prototyping 3D printer, probably FDM process |
| Li YT et al. [29] Year: 2019 Country: China |
Hip dislocation combined with acetabular fracture | 7 | Retrospective review control group Total of 16 patients LOE-III |
Virtual reduction by mirroring contralateral, uninjured side + 3DP model of reduced model used as template for precontouring the plate | Mimics 19.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium), 11 min for modeling |
Up Box+ 3D printer, FDM process, 10 h for 3D printing |
| Maini et al. [30] Year: 2018 Country: India |
Acetabular fracture | 10 | Prospective randomized case control study Total of 21 patients LOE-II |
3DP model of fractured acetabulum followed by its reduction and its use as template for precontouring the plate | Mimics 8.13 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | Eosint P380, SLS, nylon polyamide, $15–20 |
| Maini et al. [31] Year: 2018 Country: India |
Acetabular fracture | 12 | Randomized case control study 25 patients LOE-II |
Virtual planning and simulation for reducing fracture followed by virtual modeling the plate (virtual plating) + 3D-printed plate model as template for precontouring the metal plate | Mimics and 3-Matic (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium), Average time: 4.3 h | FDM, PLA, $4 |
| Nie et al. [32] Year: 2018 Country: China |
Pubic rami fractures | 30 | Consecutive case series LOE-IV | Virtual planning and reduction of fracture + 3DP model of reduced fracture used as template for precontouring plate | Mimics 10.01 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | FDM process, ABS material probably |
| Shon et al. [33] Year: 2018 Country: S. Korea |
Both-column acetabular fractures | 5 | Series of cases LOE-IV | 3DP model of fractured acetabulum (with indelible ink marked fracture line) followed by reduction and fixation with glue, thus reduced model being used as template for precontouring the plate | - | Edison 3D printer, FDM process, PLA, 3 h total development time for the 3D print, $30 |
| Smith et al. [34] Year: 2018 Country: USA |
Rib fractures | 1 | Case report LOE-V | Virtual reduction using mirroring of contralateral uninjured side + 3DP model with reduced fractured and marked fracture lines used as template for precontouring plates | D2P (3D Systems, Rock Hill, USA), Geomagic Freeform Plus (3D Systems, Rock Hill, USA) | ProX 800 3D printer, SLA, ClearView polycarbonate-like resin |
| ten Berg et al. [35] Year: 2017 Country: The Netherlands |
Nonunion of scaphoid fracture | 8 | Series of cases (short report letter) LOE-V | 3DP model of uninjured contralateral bone for plate bending | Custom software (C++(Visual Studio 2005, Microsoft, Redmond, USA), Visualization ToolKit (VTK 5.0.4, Kitware, Inc., NY, USA), Insightt ToolKit (ITK 3.6.0, Kitware, Inc., NY, USA) |
Blue printer M2, Selective Heat Sintering, Thermoplastic powder |
| Upex et al. [36] Year: 2017 Country: France |
Acetabular fracture | 1 | Case report (technical note) LOE-V | 3DP model of the healthy hemipelvis used as template for precontouring plate | OsiriX (Pixmeo, Geneva, Switzerland), Meshmixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, USA) |
Ultimaker, FDM process, PLA, 6 euros |
| Van Doremalen et al. [37] Year: 2016 Country: The Netherlands |
Midshaft clavicle fracture | 1 | Case report LOE-V | 3DP model of contralateral intact clavicle for plate bending | Matlab(MathWorks, Natick, USA), Meshlab (Visual Computing Lab, Pisa, Italy | BQ Witbox, FDM process, PLA, 4 h total time for the whole process (modeling, 3DP, bending) |
| Wang et al. [38] Year: 2018 Country: China |
Humeral shaft fracture | 21 | Retrospective review, 46 patients, comparison 3DP model with Synbone model LOE-IV | 3DP model of intact bone used as template for precontouring the plate | Mimics 16.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) 3 h modeling time |
Lite, RS6000, DLP process, ultraviolet curable resin |
| Yao et al. [39] Year: 2019 Country: China, Australia |
Calcaneal fractures | 25 | Case series LOE-IV | 3DP model of uninjured calcaneus used as template for precontouring plate | Mimics 15.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | Makerbot Replicator 3D printer |
| Yu et al. [40] Year: 2015 Country: UK |
Both column acetabulum fractures | 2 | Cases report LOE-V | 3DP model of contralateral uninjured side used as template for precontouring the plate | - | Objet Eden 250 3D printer, SLS process, MED610 polymer |
| Zeng et al. [41] Year: 2016 Country: China |
Acetabular fracture | 10 | Series of cases LOE-IV | Virtual fracture reduction + 3DP reduced fracture model for precontouring the plate | Mimics 14.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | Makerbot Replicator 2, FDM process |
| Zhuang et al. [42] Year: 2016 Country: China |
Acetabular fractures (7 fractures anterior column, 4 anterior column with posterior hemitransverse, 1 anterior column with the pubic symphysis) | 12 | Case series LOE-IV | 3D printed model on uninjured hemipelvis with marked fracture lines used as template for precontouring the plate | - | Mira ProJet 3510 3D printer, MJ process, ultraviolet curable resin |