Table 1.
Changes in levels of CSF biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and controls.
| Biomarker | AD | Controls | AD/Controls | Technique | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NfL (pg/mL) | 1574.04–2827.96 | 995.41–2016.59 | ↑ | ELISA | [16] |
| NSE (ng/mL) | 15.63–20.60 | 5.98–10.94 | ↑ | ECLIA | [19] |
| neurogranin (pg/mL) | 349–744 | 161–453 | ↑ | ELISA | [26] |
| SNAP-25 (ng/mL) | 22–38 | 18–20 | ↑ | MS | [28] |
| SYT-1 pM | 131.7–449.7 | 166.9–309.7 | ↑ | ELISA | [30] |
| sTREM-2 (pg/mL) | 172.5–305.4 | 131.0–240.7 | ↑ | ELISA | [34] |
| GFAP (ng/mL) | 1.77–4.26 | 1.31–3.21 | ↑ | ELISA | [41] |
| YKL-40 (ng/mL) | 400–422 | 254–293 | ↑ | ELISA | [20,42] |
| BACE-1 activity (pM) | 30–43 | 23–42 | ↑≅ | ELISA | [47,50] |